Daily Archives: May 11, 2020

No one should dare to equate the Father of the Republic to the tyrant.

On May 6^th 2020 Dr David Himbara on his own blog confirmed unverified hypothesis that “Every post-independence Rwandan dictator weaponized genocide”. “This is an indisputable fact”, he wrote. This post is a reproduction of another he wrote on April 26^th 2017 at the same blog.

Despite insufficiency of tangible evidence in both articles, you may understand how it is so important to him to find the dictator Paul Kagame and other Republican leaders in the same basket. By my right and duty of a good citizen, I would like to help him by answering the questions on which he based his thoughts.

“Why did Kayibanda refuse to adopt the Genocide Convention in his 11-year rule?” Dr David Himbara questioned.

Himbara’s only argument that HE Gregoire Kayibanda would be a genocidaire like Kagame is that he did not sign the Genocide Convention during his 11 years on power. Dr Himbara supports his sole argument with the fact that some other African countries quickly ratified that convention!

Assuming that Himbara has no other thought behind, one would like to know why he has never worried nor questioned why no king of Rwanda signed such genocide convention. I think this should be a good way to reason in the best possible way, as from the date when the Genocide Convention was opened for signature on December 09^th 1948, both Mutara III Rudahigwa and Kigeli V Ndahindurwa were absolute kings of Rwanda, respectively. In fact, at that time any Member of the United Nations and any non-member State to which an invitation to sign had been addressed by the General Assembly, had the right to be a party to the Convention and Rwanda was one of them (See Article 11 of the genocide convention). I very much doubt that Himbara jumped this period of time from 1948 to 1962 without knowledge of this fact. He merely wanted to rush on HE Gregoire Kayibanda who is quite innocent in this matter of Rwanda genocides.

To proceed I may remind Himbara that even today in 2020, not in 1962, the Convention on genocide still stands a low rate of acceptance by many countries. For instance, the United States signed on only yesterday, after decades with protracted debates, and I hope they have not weaponized genocide. To be complete, one should list and examine each state which has not yet ratified or acceded to the Genocide Convention in order to let Himbara prove himself wrong and apologize to the public for luck of intellectual honesty.

If to Himbara a non-ratifying state weaponizes genocide, many countries are now concerned, as of in February 2018, at least 45 United Nations Member States had not yet ratified the Genocide Convention. Some of those are: Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Angola, Botswana Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Swaziland Zambia, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Nauru, Oman, Palau, Qatar, Samoa, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Etc.

Briefly speaking, signature subject to ratification of multilateral convention is an act of interests towards other countries. Like any other contract, it is negotiated and signed, ratified or accessed considering in first place always the interests of your own nation. Therefore, HE Gregoire Kayibanda did not refuse to adopt or sign the convention because at the time of its adoption (1948), Rwanda was not ruled by him but by the King Mutara III Rudahigwa. Nor he did not refuse ratification of the convention as it is a process done always by the country not by a president as a person. In this case, Dr Himbara should have asked why His Majesty MUTARA III Rudahigwa did not sign the genocide convention. Following Himbara’s reasoning, King MUTARA “knew that he would sooner or later unleash genocide” (Himbara’s own words on Habyarimana).

Theoretically and practically, a country cannot be bound without its consent, and consequently no convention can be effective on the territory against the will of that country, therefore, no ratification without its agreement thereto. That is why Rwanda was subjected to the “Accession”, the act whereby a state accepts the offer to become a party to a convention or treaty already negotiated and signed by other states. Accordingly, Rwanda accessed to the genocide convention on April 16^th 1975.

Thanks to HE Gregoire Kayibanda, Rwanda has become an independent Republic until today. For sure he will remain a father of our nation, because not only he served many from slavery to liberty, from domination to equality but also, he established democracy in our young Republic. And with the wisdom he had, he could not accept such event of genocides on Rwandan soil or elsewhere in pursuit of Tutsi who fled the country.

“Why did Habyarimana in his 21-year rule block the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to try genocide crimes in Rwanda?” A question raised by Dr David Himbara.

To the first question raised, Dr David Himbara was against HE Gregoire Kayibanda because he did not “adopt” the genocide convention. Now the convention is accessed but he is still accusing HE Juvenal Habyarimana that he did block the ICJ to try genocide crimes because of “a reservation” he made during the time of accession. In both articles since 2017? Himbara argued that “Habyarimana effectively blocked the International Court of Justice from holding Rwanda accountable for genocide crimes in Rwanda. It is as if Habyarimana knew that he would sooner or later unleash genocide. Habyarimana would not give up his genocide weapon.”

And he concludes that the former president Juvenal HABYARIMANA like his predecessor, used the genocide as a weapon. But Himbara fails to explain when, how and where exactly this happened? I wish Himbara himself would have provided more information. But he did not, probably and may be, he will. The only argument he advances, is constituted on the fact that the president accepted the accession to the Genocide Convention in 1970s, with a reservation. To Himbara, this is a crime! Not an ordinary one, but a genocide. I must say that this is wrong, wicked, and dangerous!

Before I proceed, I may ask Himbara if he knows any act of genocide committed during Habyarimana regime. And why did this wait so long after his assassination (on the 06^th April 1994) to be discovered by Himbara? Moreover, why this was not mentioned in the reasons of the RPF’s attack of October 1^st, 1990?

It is true that Rwanda’s instrument of accession to the Convention, contains a reservation worded as follows: “The Rwandese Republic does not consider itself as bound by Article IX of the Convention.” However, this reservation cannot block the ICJ to try genocide crimes especially that the court itself is not competent for crimes matters like genocide. (See the ICJ statute, Article 36, pt.2). I will provide more explanation below, by answering your 3^rd question.

Yet, someone may wonder what the content of this Article IX of the Genocide Convention is. It reads as follows:

“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfillment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.”

Except Himbara, everyone including Paul Kagame who reads this article can easily find out that “this reservation to Article IX is not incompatible with the object and purpose of the convention, inasmuch as the reservation relates not to the substantive obligations of the parties to the Convention but to a procedural provision”. In addition, many other States maintain similar reservations, and the majority of the 151 States parties to the Convention have raised no objection to that reservation.

Just for information, even the USA has ratified the Convention, though after forty years (1988) with significant reservations on the same Article IX. It states that with respect to any disputes involving the United States, such disputes may only be submitted to the International Court of Justice with the specific consent of the United States. (see reservation 782). Following Dr Himbara’s reasoning, the sole purpose for such reservation can be also a genocide plan.

Notwithstanding that the question of reservation to Genocide Convention has been even solved in 1951, Himbara still fails to understand it in 2020. In fact, when Rwanda made its reservation on April 16^th, 1975; this confusion of Dr Himbara was already removed 24 years before Rwanda accessed to the convention. Generally speaking, the Jurisprudence made by the ICJ has already found that reservations are not prohibited under the Genocide Convention. “It is well established that even if a convention contained no article on subject of reservations, it does not mean that these are prohibited”. (See the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Reservations to the Genocide Convention, ICJ, May 28, 1951, P.12, 22 (1951 I.C.J. 15).

David Himbara should know that the reservation made by Rwanda to the Genocide Convention was legal and lawfully accepted, otherwise it would had been disputed among states members. And he should also know that the reservation is raised when the interests of the country is flouted. Therefore, it was in the best interests of Rwanda as a country and its citizens, not Habyarimana as an individual.

“Why did Kagame use Habyarimana’s clause to block the International Court of Justice’s jurisdiction to try Rwanda’s genocide crimes in DRC?”- Dr David Himbara asked.

Dear Dr Himbara, first, the ICJ is not competent for criminal matters, much less to try genocide crimes. Only states may be parties in cases before this court because its jurisdiction in all legal disputes is limited to:

the interpretation of a treaty;
any question of international law;
the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;
the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.

Therefore, in its application the DRC contended that Rwanda has violated Articles II and III of the Genocide Convention as the “result from acts of armed aggression perpetrated by Rwanda on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in flagrant breach of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. (See ICJ, DRC v Rwanda, 3 February 2006, No. 126, pt 22).

Nevertheless, I agree with you that Paul Kagame not only planned genocide but also committed it either in Rwanda or in Democratic Republic of the Congo. But he did not block the criminal prosecution just by reservation as you said. Normally, due to the interests of colonial power (via Kagame) all reservation including this one should have been removed according to the Article 15 of the Arusha Protocol as signed on 3 August 1993, later on confirmed through a décret-loi No. 014/01 of 15 February 1995. For sure, one day he will face justice under Rwandans people’s court or under the ICC or any other court through universal jurisdiction. It is a matter of time.

In your second article you well mentioned the violation of the Article II of the Convention to define the crime of genocide. Actually, Paul Kagame’s criminal responsibility is based on those acts found in that Article, together with other two important elements:

The physical element: the acts he committed as found in Article II.
The mental element: His intent to constitute genocide against Rwandans inside, there must be a proven intent on the part of perpetrators to physically destroy a national and ethnical group both Hutu, Twa and Tutsi. This is a special intent, or dolus specialis, that makes the crime of genocide so unique. To know this, the real question is “what is the purpose of the offender?”, not “what is the result?”.

Thus, to constitute “crime of genocide”, it needs to be established that the victims are deliberately targeted not randomly because of their real or perceived membership of the group protected under the Convention. This means that the target of destruction must be the group, as such, or even a part of it, but not its members as individuals. For instance, the target of Hutu by RPA, in Byumba alone should be qualified as genocide, the same the devastation of Kibeho camp, alone constitutes genocide, and also extermination of Hutu Refugees in DRC alone constitutes genocide as well.

With the same idea, why in your first Article in April 2017, do you write as follows: “As we mourn our loved ones who departed from us during the 1994 Rwandan genocide”, but for second time on the May 6^th 2020, you change the gear to “the commemoration of the genocide against Tutsi”? Dr Himbara why and what is the difference?

Why did you insist on equating Paul Kagame to Juvenal HABYARIMANA? It is true that Kagame used genocide as a tool to avoid justice but why do you want to convince everyone that Kagame is as bad as Habyarimana. Let me tell you something which I can stand on until I die, Kagame will stay a unique tyrant in the history of Rwanda until the end. No one can be compared to Kagame, he is the worst.

Dear Dr HIMBARA,

When I find that you served as the Principal Private Secretary (PPS) to the President Paul Kagame, and that before that you headed the Strategy and Policy Unit (SPU) in the Office of the President, I understand how very difficult it is to oppose a system that you yourself have built.

However, it is a universal principle that “no one may profit by his own wrongdoing”.

Venant Nkurunziza

Your fellow Rwandan

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Politiki: Mu Rwanda hariho imirongo ibiri ya Politiki, uwa Lunari n’uwa Parmehutu (Igice cya kabiri)

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Umwanditsi w’igitabo cy’umubwiriza yitegereje ibibera mu nsi ni ko guterura agira ati: “Ibyahozeho ni byo bizakomeza kubaho; ibyakozwe ni byo bizakomeza gukorwa, ugasanga nta kintu gishyashya cyaduka ku isi. Hari ubwo haba ikintu bakavuga ngo dore kiriya ni gishyashya! Burya na cyo kiba cyarabayeho mu binyejana byahise” (Umubwiriza 1,9-10). Yagushije ku kuri guhamye. Ibi ntibivuguruje kuba isi igenda ihinduka. Ihora ijya mbere kuko ngo “bucya bucyana ayandi”. Nyamara ihame uyu muhanuzi yagushijeho ritwibutsa ko atari bibi gusubiza amaso inyuma tukareba ibyahise, kuko biba bipfunditse amabango yadufasha kumva iby’ubu. Nk’uko twabikomojemo ubushize, reka dufatanye kureba uburyo, iyo ucukumbuye, usanga kugeza ubu LUNARI na MDR-Parmehutu ari yo mirongo ifatika y’ibitekerezo bya politiki u Rwanda rwagize. Hari uwakwibaza ati ese andi mashyaka yabayeho nyuma nta murongo wa politiki yagiraga? Iki kibazo kirakwiye. Dufatanye tugishakire igisubizo.

Mu gutangira, reka twibukiranye ibibanza:

Ni byiza kutitiranya umurongo wa politiki n’izina ry’ishyaka. Birashoboka kugira kimwe udafite ikindi. Izina ry’ishyaka rishobora kuba rivuga ko riharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage, kandi mu bikorwa ritazi n’iyo byerekera. Ushobora no kubona ishyaka riharanira imibereho y’abaturage mu bikorwa, kandi ntiribishyire mu izina.

Ishyaka rya politiki n’umurongo wa politiki ntibigendana iteka. Hashobora kubaho ishyaka ritagira umurongo wa politiki, kimwe n’uko hashobora kubaho umurongo wa politiki utagira ishyaka riwuhagarariye. Birakwiye rero gusobanura ibintu neza.

I. POLITIKI NI IKI?

Ntiriwe ndondora ibisobanuro byose bitangwa n’abahanga, navuga ko politiki yubakiye ku bintu bibiri by’ingenzi biranga imibereho ya muntu. Mu buzima bwacu, ibyo dukeneye ntibigira ingano (besoins illimités), nyamara ikigega cy’ibisubizo cyo ni gito (ressources limitées). Hatabayeho inzira zo guhuza aya mahurizo yombi, abantu twabaho nk’inyamaswa, inini ikajya imira into. Mu kubyirinda, abantu bashaka inzira zo kumvikana ku mahame abagenga ngo basaranganye kugirango buri wese ashobore kubaho mu mahoro no mu munezero. Ngiyo politiki. Ni ibikorwa byose bihuza abantu bagamije kubaka imiyoboro ikemura ririya hurizo ry’ibyo bafite (ressources) n’ibyo bakeneye (besoins). Ni yo mpamvu ahari abantu babiri, burya politiki iba yatangiye. Kuba mu rugo umugabo yasa inkwi, umwana akavoma, umugore agateka, iyo na yo ni politiki mu rwego ruciriritse. Iyo imiryango myinshi yishyize hamwe igamije gushakira igisubizo ririya hurizo tumaze kuvuga, irema icyo abagereki bitaga “Polis” cyangwa “Cité”, ari nako ibihugu byavutse. Ibikorwa byose bijyanye no gufasha “Polis” kubaho mu mudendezo ushingiye ahanini ku gusaranganya neza ibyiza by’igihugu, nibyo byitwa politiki.

Ku rwego rw’amashyaka n’ibihugu, kubaka iyo “miyoboro ifatika” ihuza abantu benshi hagamijwe kubafasha kubana mu mahoro arambye ntibyizana kandi ntibyahawe bose : bisaba abantu babifitiye impano(charisme), ugutinyuka, ubushake, ubwitange, ubushobozi n’umuhate : abo nibo bitwa Abanyapolitiki. Ni na yo mpamvu atari ubonetse wese ukora politiki. Kuko ni wo mwuga ugoye kurusha iyindi.

Kimwe mu bibazo bikomereye u Rwanda muri iki gihe wacyumvira aha. Buri wese yihinduye umunyapolitiki. Ngo nyumbakumi yumvise ko Kadafi yishwe, ariyamirira ati: “abanyapolitiki turashize!”. Muri “opposition” nyarwanda na ho ushishoje ntiwabura bene abo , bigira abanyapolitiki kandi ntacyo biyumvira. Umuntu yabigereranya n’ubuhanzi. Kuririmba muri korali ni ibya benshi, naho kuba umunyamuziki n’umuhanzi w’indirimbo ni ibya bake babifitiye impano. Na politiki ni uko. Ikorwa n’abayifitiye impano, bafite umurongo w’ibitekerezo barwanira. Iyo bitabaye ibyo, ihinduka amacambwa. Amacambwa ni amazi y’ibirohwa aba ku nkengero z’umugezi. Ubundi imbwa zitinya amazi maremare, ariko kuko ayo yo aba ari ku ruhande kandi ari hagufi, na zo zirahajya zikidumbaguza, zikivovota, zigataha zumva zivuye koga mu mugezi. Ni yo mpamvu bayita amacambwa. Umugani ugana akariho.

II.UMURONGO WA POLITIKI BISOBANURA IKI?

Umurongo wa politiki ni ibitekerezo, umushinga (projet de socitété), n’ibikorwa bigamije kubaka sosiyete no kuyiha igihagararo iki n’iki. Ufite umurongo wa politiki aba yumva igihugu hari uburyo cyayoborwamo maze abagituye bakarushaho gusangira mu mutuzo ibyiza bigikomokaho. Umurongo wa politiki urangwa n’ingingo enye:

1.Kugira ibitekerezo

Aha hari uwakwiyamirira ati ese ubundi habaho abantu batagira ibitekerezo? Muri politiki birashoboka. Urugero: uwavuga ko ashaka gukuraho ubutegetsi bwa FPR akoresheje intambara, kandi mu mushinga we wa politiki ntitubonemo gushaka ibikoresho n’abarwanyi, yaba nta bitekerezo afite. Tutagiye kure, hari benshi ubu baharanira ngo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa FPR. Wababaza icyo bazabusimbuza, ugatungurwa n’uko icyo kibazo ari ubwa mbere kibanyuze mu bwonko. Kurwanira guhindura ubutegetsi udafite icyo ubusimbuza gifatika (projet de société alternative) ni ukutagira ibitekerezo. Byaragaragaye kenshi aho abantu barwanya ubutegetsi ndetse bakabukuraho, nyuma bakayoberwa icyo babusimbuza, ugasanga ntaho bavuye ntaho bagiye.

Muri politiki, kugira ibitekerezo, bivuga kugira ibihamye, bihera ku ntangiro bikagusha ku iherezo, bikareba impande zose z’ikibazo. Iyo bigarukiye mu cyeregati, cyangwa bigafata igice cy’ikibazo, tuvuga ko nta byo. Hari igihe bidogera ugasanga kuyoborwa n’abatagira ibitekerezo birutwa no gutegekwa n’abafite ibitekerezo ugaya. Muri Libiya Kadafi ngo yari umunyagitugu. Nyamara ubu baramwifuza, atari uko bakunze igitugu cye, ahubwo kuko yasimbuwe n’abatagira ibitekerezo n’umurongo bya politiki. Za Iraki ni uko n’ahandi henshi. Amateka aratuburira. Urabe wumva mutima muke wo mu rutiba!

2.Kugeza ibitekerezo ku baturage

Muri politiki, ibitekerezo by’ishyaka iyo bitazwi n’abaturage, ngo babyibonemo cyangwa se babinenge (kubinenga ni gihamya y’uko babizi), biba bitabaho. Dukore umwitozo muto. Ese hari uzi gutandukanya umurongo wa PSD n’uwa PDC cyangwa PDI? Ese ni abanyarwanda bangahe bazi icyo rimwe muri yo ryazana kitaturuka ku bandi? Muri politiki, umurongo w’ishyaka iyo utazwi n’abaturage uba ntawo.

3.Umurongo wa politiki ugira abawurwanya

Iki ni ngenzi. Kugira abawurwanya bifite agaciro kayingayinga ako kugira abawushyigikiye. Twabonye ko politiki ibereyeho gucunga amakimbirane ari muri kamere muntu. Ni yo mpamvu muri politiki iyo uvuze ngo ndashaka iki, biba bisobanuye ko hari ikindi wanze. Iyo ufite umurongo wa politiki, uba uvuga uti twe tubona igihugu cyayoborwa gitya. Mu buryo buziguye (indirectement), uba uvuze ngo twanze ko kiyoborwa kuriya. Abashyigikiye uwo murongo wundi barakwamagana. Burya rero guhangana biri muri kamere ya demokarasi. Gusa ni uguhanganisha imishinga n’ibitekerezo (Débat-tre). Aha wahahera wumva bimwe nakomojeho ko habaho amashyaka atagira umurongo wa politiki. Muratinye ishyaka ritagira urirwanya. Ese ye, waba warigeze wumva umuntu urwanya ibitekerezo bya PSD, PDC, PDI…Impamvu iroroshye. Wabinenga utabizi? Ese wabimenya wenda bitanabaho? Muri politiki abantu bahanganisha ibitekerezo. Bimwe mu biranga utabifite ni ukutagira abamunenga no gutinya kujya ahabona ngo ajye impaka n’abandi.

4.Ibitekerezo bidapfa

Umurongo wa politiki ni ibitekerezo bikomeza kubaho n’ababitangije batakiri ho. Reka ntange urugero.

Iyo uvuze LUNARI na PARMEHUTU, utungurwa n’uko abato babyiruka bazi kuyatandukanya kurusha uko basobanukiwe n’amashyaka y’ubu. Ibitekerezo byayo byabaye uruhererekane kandi byambukiranyije ibisekuru (générations). Ibya UNAR biracyariho muri FPR nyuma y’imyaka 50. Ibya PARMEHUTU na byo ntaho byagiye.

III. UMURONGO WA POLITIKI WA LUNARI n’uwa PARMEHUTU

Icyo amashyaka ya politiki abereyeho, ni uguhuriza hamwe ababyumva kimwe. Hari ikintu rero gitangaza. Hafi ya hose muri politiki, hakunze kubaho imirongo ibiri mikuru ihanganye mu mashyaka anyuranye: Muri Leta Zunze ubumwe z’Amerika hari Democrates na Republicains. Mu Burayi hakaba Gauche na Droite. Mu bihugu by’abayisilamu hakaba Partis Religieux na Partis Laïcs. N’iyo habayeho andi mashyaka, bayareba bahereye kuri ibyo bice byombi, ukumva ngo Centre-Gauche cyangwa Extrème-Droite.

Mu by’ukuri, kuri buri ngingo ireba sosiyete, haba hari ibyifuzo n’ibitekerezo binyuranye. Gusa, muri politiki buri wese akenera gufatanya n’abandi ngo bahuze ingufu. Iyo kamere ya politiki ituma bya bitekerezo bitatanye bigenda byiyegeranya, hagasigara imirongo migari ibiri ihanganye. Muri politiki babyita “convergence à la médiane”. No mu Rwanda ni uko.

Mu ntangiro, havutse amashyaka anyuranye, nyamara byaje kurangira yibumbiye mu bice bibiri. Umurongo wa Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi urangajwe imbere na MDR-Parmehutu, hakaba n’umurongo w’Ubwami bushingiye ku bisekuru, amoko n’imiryango, ushyigikiwe na UNAR (si yo yawutangije, yavutse isanga umaze ibinyejana, iwugira uwayo mu ruhando rw’amashyaka).

Ishyaka MDR

Perezida Dominiko MBONYUMUTWA

Kenshi dukunze kuryita MDR-PARMEHUTU. Ryashinzwe tariki 9 ukwakira 1959 ryitwa PARMEHUTU (Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu), riyobowe na grégoire Kayibanda. Inama rusange yabereye i Gitarama taliki ya 28 Gicurasi 1960, yarihinduriye izina ryitwa M.D.R (Mouvement Démocratique Républicain). Nyamara kuko izina rya mbere ryari ryaramaze gufata, ntiryazimiye, ahubwo abantu mu mvugo bahise barihuza n’irishya baranabicurika bibyara MDR-PARMEHUTU. Nyamara izina “officiel” guhera muri 1960 ni MDR.

Ishyaka UNAR

Umwami Kigeli V NDAHINDURWA

Ryavutse taliki ya 3 Nzeri 1959, ryitwa L’Union Nationale Rwandaise, riyobowe na François RUKEBA.

Reka noneho turebe igitandukanya Ubwami na Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi, biradufasha kumva aho UNAR na MDR-Parmehutu zari zitaniye. Iyi mirongo ibiri ya politiki wayirebera ku bintu byinshi ariko turafatamo bitatu by’ingenzi biranga amashyaka muri rusange:

(1)Icyo rigamije;

(2)Abo ryubakiyeho

(3)Icyerekezo cya sosiyete riharanira.

	Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi:Umurongo wa MDR-Parmehutu	Ubwami:Umurongo wa UNAR
Icyo rigamije.	Kurwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo.	Kurwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo.
Abo ryubakiyeho.	Ishyaka ryubakiye ku mbaraga za rubanda rugufi (parti populaire).	Ishyaka ryubakiye kuri bake bifite (parti d’élite).
Icyerekezo cya sosiyete riharanira.	Ubutegetsi butangwa.	Ubutegetsi butunzwe.
	Ubutegetsi bufunguriye bose.	Ubutegetsi bufite ba nyirabwo.
	Isaranganwa ry’ibyiza by’igihugu ryubakiye ku nzego n’amategeko.	Ukwikubira ibyiza by’igihugu kubakiye kuri “kamere” n’umurage.

(1)Ku ngingo ya mbere, UNAR na MDR byari mahwi.

Bombi bwarwaniraga ishyaka ibitekerezo byabo. Ntibaharaniraga mbere na mbere imyanya mu butegetsi. Urwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo aba abikomeyeho, ku buryo unamubwiye ngo umuhe ubutegetsi ariko abizibukire, cyangwa se ubumuhe mu nzira zibonetse zose, atagukundira. Aha PARMEHUTU na UNAR zari zihahuriye. Buri shyaka ryari rifite umurongo wa politiki riharanira kandi ridakozwa ibyo kuwutatira. Iyo MDR-Parmehutu iza kuba iharanira imyanya mu butegetsi, byari korohera Umwami kuyitamika iyo myanya ubundi bakaruca bakarumira cyangwa bagacikamo ibice. Si ko byagenze.

UNAR na yo iyo iza kuba iharanira ubutegetsi, yari kujya mu matora, cyane ko, nk’uko Musenyeri Alexis Kagame abivuga mu gitabo cye¹, yari kwegukana amajwi atari make. Si ko byagenze rero. Ahubwo UNAR yahisemo kubitera umugongo (boycot)inashishikariza abayoboke bayo kutitabira amatora kuko yumvaga bihabanye n’umurongo wayo wa politiki.

Igikomeye ariko ni ukumva icyateraga aya mashyaka yombi kwitwara gutya.

PARMEHUTU ntiyaharaniraga ubutegetsi. Yari izi ko umunsi rubanda bumvise umurongo wayo wa politiki, bakawibonamo, bazabuyiha ku mudendezo, kuko ari bo ba nyirabwo.

LUNARI ntiyaharaniraga ubutegetsi kuko yari izi ko ari ubwayo, ko gutegeka biri muri kamere yayo. Ntawe uharanira ibiri ibye. Ibi biratugeza ku ngingo ya kabiri n’iya gatatu (abo ishyaka ryubakiyeho n’ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi).

(2)Ingingo ya kabiri ireberwaho amashyaka ni abo yubakiyeho.

MDR-Parmehutu yari ishyaka ryubakiye ku baturage baciye bugufi (parti populaire). Kuko rero abo ari bo bari benshi mu gihugu, ni ho havuye kwitwa ishyaka rya rubanda nyamwinshi. Yatangijwe n’abantu baciye bugufi, badasanzwe mu butegetsi, bityo rubanda rukabibonamo, kuko babaga basangiye “ukwigizwayo “.

UNAR yo yarimo abatware n’abandi basanzwe mu butegetsi bwa cyami. Bari bafite amaboko yandi atari abaturage bato: icyubahiro, igitinyiro, intwaro, ubukungu, ubuhake n’amateka. Ubutegetsi bari babusanganywe kandi bizeye kubugumana, kuko ingengabitekerezo ya cyami yigishaga ko hari abavukiye gutegeka n’abavukiye kuyoboka. Ko igihugu kidashobora kubaho kidafite umwami. Aha hatwumvisha impamvu UNAR yateye umugongo iby’amatora. Hari uwihuta akavuga ko UNAR yanze amatora kuko yanze kuyoborana cyangwa kuyoborwa n’Abahutu. Ni byo kandi si byo. Harimo akagobeko (c’est subtil). Ibaze nawe umaze imyaka 400 bakumvisha ko wavukiye gutegeka naho ba kanaka bakaba baravukiye kuyoboka, bwacya ngo jya gupiganirwa na bo ubutegetsi! Ari wowe se wapfa kubyumva? UNAR yumvaga ari ugucurika ibintu.

Iyi ngingo y’abo amashyaka yubakiyeho yanadufasha kumva icyo benshi bibeshyaho ngo amashyaka UNAR na MDR-Parmehutu yavanguraga amoko. Si byo.

Ikiri ukuri ni uko muri UNAR hari higanjemo abatutsi, naho muri MDR-Parmehutu hakiganzamo Abahutu(rubanda rugufi). Nyamara ibi ntibyaturutse ku bushake bwo kuvangura. Byarikoze. MDR-Parmehutu yari ishyaka riharanira rubanda rugufi, kandi muri rwo abenshi bakaba abahutu. Nyamara ntiyangaga Abatutsi. Ubishidikanya azabaze impamvu Paul Kagame na Bernard Makuza ari ababyara. UNAR yari ishyaka ry’abari mu butegetsi bwa cyami kandi abenshi bakaba abatutsi, ariko yarimo n’abahutu. Ubishidikanya azabaze ba Rukeba, Michel Rwagasana n’abandi. Uyu Rwagasana yari umuvandimwe wa Gerigori Kayibanda kwa se wabo.

(3)Ingingo ya gatatu aya mashyaka atandukaniyeho ni icyerekezo cya sosiyete.

Nk’uko twabikomojeho, MDR-Parmehutu yaharaniraga Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi. Iki cyerekezo cya sosiyete kirangwa n’uko ubutegetsi butangwa. Utegeka akaba azi ko ubutegetsi atari ubwe, ko yabuhawe, kuko ari ubw’abaturage, kandi ko bashobora kubumwaka bakabuha undi. Ubu butegetsi rero buba bufunguriye bose.

Ku rundi ruhande, UNAR yari igizwe n’abasanganwe ubutegetsi kandi bazi ko ari cyo bavukiye (gutegeka). Iyi myumvire tuyisanga n’ahandi ku isi. Utegeka akaba azi ko ubutegetsi abutunze. Ashobora kuba yarabuvukanye (umwami), yaraburazwe (igikomangoma), cyangwa yarabufashe ku ngufu (umusirikari). Ni yo mpamvu buba bugomba kugarukira ku babutunze. Kuri ba nyirabwo. Undi se yavuga ko abushaka nka nde? Aha haratwumvisha nyine impamvu UNAR yirinze kujya mu mahiganwa y’amatora . Abari bayigize bari barabyirutse bazi ko ubutegetsi ari ingarigari yabo. Byari bigoye kubumvisha ko bajya kubupiganirwa. Kandi nta wabarenganya,koko se hari upiganirwa ibiri ibye? Icyo batamenye ni uko ibihe byari byarahindutse!

Imirongo ya politiki ya MDR na UNAR yaranyuranyaga na none ku cyashingirwaho mu kugira uruhare ku byiza by’igihugu.

Umurongo wa MDR washakaga isaranganywa rishingiye ku buringanire bw’abenegihugu bose(égalité) no ku rwego rwa buri wese(mérite). Mbese hakabaho amategeko agena icyo buri wese afitiye uburenganzira. Iri ni ryo shingiro rya Repubulika na demokarasi.

Ku rundi ruhande, umurongo w’ubwami UNAR yarwaniraga, uvuga ko uburenganzira bukwiye gushingira ku cyo abawushyigikiye baba bita “kamere”(statu quo). Ni ukuvuga ngo ibintu tubirekere uko biri , ni ko Imana yabishatse. Yashatse ko bamwe bavuka ari abatware, abandi bakaba abagaragu. Biri muri kamere. Kubihindagura bikaba ugucurika ibintu. Abatware nibakomeze bayobore kandi bayobokwe kuko ni cyo bavukiye. Abandi nibakomeze bayoboke kandi bahakwe kuko ni cyo bavukiye, bizahore bityo imitaga itazima izuba.

IV. N’UBU RUKIGERETSE.

Iyi mirongo ibiri ya politiki iracyageretse kugeza magingo aya mu Rwanda.

1.Kuba FPR ari UNAR NSHYA byo si umugani.

Mwibuke ko mu ntangiro zayo yitwaga RANU, ni ukuvuga UNAR mu mpine y’icyongereza. Gusa rero uko gusa no gusabirana ntibyagarukiye mu mazina gusa. Witegereje ibikorwa usanga ari wa murongo wa UNAR ukomeje….

Edmond Munyangaju

BIRACYAZA…

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