Tumaze iminsi dusoma ibijyanye n’amateka yaranze u Rwanda, cyane cyane chapitre ya coup d’etat yo muri 1973. Iyi coup d’etat niyo yabaye nyirabayazana w’inzika zabaye hagati y’Abiswe Abanyenduga n’abiswe Abakiga. Nyuma yayo, ibyiza by’igihugu byinshi byikubiwe n’abantu bakomokaga mu turere twa Gisenyi na Ruhengeri cyangwa rimwe na rimwe Byumba. Ibi byatumye mu by’ukuri Abanyarwanda batumva ko bafite uruhare rungana ku gihugu ku buryo byagize ingaruka mu gihe cy’intambara yatangijwe n’inkotanyi mu kwezi kwa 10 umwaka wa 1990.

Byageze aho abanyenduga bamwe bumva ko urugamba rugomba kurwanwa n’abakiga ngo kuko ari bo bari bafite ibyo barwanira! Abasirikare bamwe batorokaga urugamba bakisangira Inkotanyi mu gihe abenshi mu bakiga bo bumvaga koko igihugu bagomba kukitangira kugeza kuwa nyuma. Muri politiki abanyenduga cg abiswe abanyenduga nibo babaye aba mbere mu gushinga amashyaka arwanya leta ndetse afatanya na FPR mu gushegesha Habyarimana. Twagiramungu Faustin yabyukije MDR (ariko iza ari pirate), Mugenzi Justi afatanyije na Lando basinga PL, PSD ntawe utari uyizi ko yari igizwe n’abanyabutare benshi,  Nayinzira Jean Nepomuscene niwe munya gisenyi wenyine washinze ishyaka rirwanya Leta.

Nyuma yaho gatoya ikibazo cyaje gusa n’aho ari abahutu barwana n’abatutsi ariko byari byaratinze, FPR imaze kwemerwa no gushyigikirwa.

Kudasesengura iki kibazo bishobora gutuma dupfobya amasomo akubiyemo maze ejo bundi hagora urundi rugamba ruba ngombwa ugasanga abantu bakomeje ibyo byumviro. Ntawe ushobora gukira igisebe atavuye!

Ubwanditsi.

Parution: Tuesday 19 August 2014, 21:31
Par:Jean de Dieu MUSEMAKWELI

Imvururu zatangiriye mu bigo by’amashuri, bifata abakozi ba gisivili bo  mu bigo bya gisirikari (Main d’oeuvre civile – MOC), bifata ibigo bya Leta, kuri za ministeri bamanika amalisti ariho amazina y’Abatutsi ngo  be kongera kuhinjira.

Reka mpere ku bindeba aho nari mu bigo bya gisirikare. Nazindukiye ku kazi, nyura ku iperu mu kigo cy’i Kanombe (Base). Tumaze kuzamura ibendera, nagiye mu ibarizo, nsanga akazi kahagaze kubera ko umukuru waryo (Kapita, chef charpentier) n’umwungirije, abakozi babiri kuri bane bakoreshaga amamashini abaza batari baje ku kazi.  Aho basudiraga ibyuma (atelier soudure) naho byari uko. Ubwo poromiye serija (I^er  Sergent) Serugendo nawe aba araje. Ku nyubako z’i Kanombe yari yungirije Liyetona Rwabakika wo mu Ruhengeri. Ati “ Akazi ko kubaka kahagaze, Kapita n’abafundi bababujije kwinjira mu kigo”.  Liyetona Rwabakika na Kapiteni  Mutabazi barambwira ngo nimbyihorere.

Nafashe ikamyo ipakiye isima  njya ku kigo cya Kigali, nsanga naho ni uko, ngo nta Mututsi ugomba kugaruka ku kazi ; kandi abo bose bakoreshwaga na Ministeri y’ingabo z’igihugu n’abapoloisi.  Nagiye aho abasirikari bakuru bicira akanyota (Messe officiers) i Kigali, ntelefona umukuru (Commandant) w’iby’ubwubatsi bwa gisirikari (Compagnie Bâtiments militaires) i Kanombe, umuzungu witwaga Kapiteni Badou, musaba amabwiriza, ati “nanjye byanyobeye, Kapiteni Mutabazi wo ku Gisenyi yavuze ko amabwiriza yavuye hejuru, ko ari ibirebana n’umutekano, kandi ko tutabyivangamo”.  Yangiriye inama ko njya kubaza Lizinde wari ushinzwe kwiga imishinga (chef du Bureau d’Etude) muri ministeri y’Ingabo , ko ari byo Kapiteni Mutabazi abwiye Kapiteni Badou. Nagiye kuri ministeri, Lizinde aranyakira, mubwiye ko akazi kahagaze, ko ntumva icyo abo Batutsi bazira, ati : « Ceceka, si wowe ushinzwe umutekano w’igihugu. Mushake Abahutu mubashyire muri iyo myanya Abatutsi bari bafite, niba ntabo mubatoze(formez-les) ».

Ntawe utazi amateka ya Lizinde n’uruhare yagize muri kudeta yo mu w’1973. Mpereye ku mvugo  no ku buryo Liyetona Rwabakika, Kapiteni Mutabazi, na poromiye Serija (I^erSergent) Serugendo bitwaye, bose ni Abakiga kandi bari babizi, nahereyeko numva ko hari ikintu. Kubona na poromiye Serija (I^er Sergent) w’umukiga yari azi iyo gahunda yo kwirukana abakozi b’Abatutsi mu bigo bya gisirikare, njyewe w’umunyagitarama, umusirikari mukuru (officier) ntabizi, ari njye wari ufite henshi nubakisha,  naza ngasanga abakozi barahagaritswe ntabizi, Lizinde ati “si wowe ushinzwe umutekano w’igihugu!” None se Serugendo wari ubizi ni we wari uwushinzwe ? Cyangwa ni uko yari mu kabanga k’abateguye izo mvururu we na Kapitene Mutabazi na Liyetona Rwabakika?

Mu mashuri : muri koleji ya Mutagatifu Andereya i Nyamirambo, nagiyeyo mpurujwe na Padiri Goffinet wayoboraga icyo kigo, ko murumuna wanjye DD nawe ari uwambere ku rutonde rw’abo komite (comité) y’abanyeshuri yirukanye, akanga kugenda, akaba yahungiye mu biro by’umuyobozi (Directeur) ko ariho bamukingiranye ngo abanyeshuri batamwica. Niba imvururu zarashojwe na Kayibanda, kuki n’Abahutu bakomoka Gitarama birukanwaga, nk’uwo murumuna wanjye bamwirukaniye iki ?  Nageze i Nyamirambo nambaye imyenda y’intambara, ntanga gasopo ko Padiri Goffinet agenda akabwira izo mbwa zizana akajagari ko nizikora kuri murumuna wanjye, zishobora kubona ishyano. Padiri Goffinet yambwiye ko yari yatelefonnye ku kigo cy’abapolisi ngo baze bamutabare, bakamubwira ngo niyivuganire n’umuyobozi mukuru w’abapolisi muri ministeri y’ingabo. Uwo yari Majoro Nsekarije. Padiri Goffinet yagiye kwa Nsekarije, Nsekarije amwirukana mu biro bye. Padiri Goffinet yarongeye arambwira ati : “Aka kajagari ni intangiriro za kudeta. Biragaragara ko hari abantu bari gushaka urwitwazo rwo gufata ubutegetsi ku ngufu”. None imvururu zitatewe n’abo bishakiraga ubutegetsi,niba njye njyenyine narabashije kugarura agahenge muri Koleji i Nyamirambo, bo bari bashinzwe umutekano w’igihugu, cyarabahaye n’ibyangombwa byose byo kuwubungabunga,kuki  ntacyo bakoze ?

Nahavuye ndakaye, nyura kwa Kapiteni Bizimana ndabimubwira, ambwira ko umuzungu w’umusuwisi yabwiye Kayibanda ko abasirikare bategura kudeta, ko bazakoresha n’abacanshuro (mercenaires),  avuga n’ahantu (site) abo basirikari n’abo bacanshuro bashobora kuzahurira.

Kudeta yashoboraga kuburizwamo

Ni muri urwo rwego twigeze gukura abasirikare mu kigo cy’i Kanombe, barara amarondo, dushinga ibirindiro (gufata amapozisiyo – positions) dutegereje ka hagira abagerageza kudeta, tukayiburizamo. Kubera ahantu henshi nubakishaga, navuganye na bamwe mu basirikari bo mu bigo bya Kibungo,  Mutara, Byumba,  Bugesera, Ruhengeri, Kommando Bigogwe, kampanyi yambere, iya kabiri n’iya gatatu z’i Kanombe, ndetse n’abo mu bwubatsi bwa gisirikari,  hose biteguye kudukurikira tukaburizamo kudeta.

Ibyo byarakaje cyane Jenerali Majoro Habyarimana, ashinga Majoro Simba Aloys ngo akore itohoza (enquête) amubwire abaraje abasirikare hanze, ngo ntiyumva uko azabagira, ngo nta gihano kiriho azi gikwiranye n’abo bantu. Simba yakoze anketi, ayiha Habyarimana. Njye nemereye Majoro Simba ko nabikoze kandi niteguye kubyongera, nti “ushaka ubutegetsi AZIYAMAMAZE, atorwe n’abaturage, naho uzongera kuzana akajagari, tuzamurwanya”. Nongeyeho ko ntagiye mu gisirikare kugirango murumuna wanjye ye kutiga. Nongeyeho nti “Ese ubundi ari Umuhutu cyangwa Umututsi ni nde Imana yahitishijemo ubwoko avukamo ?” Nahereyeko mvanwa i Kigali igitaraganya, noherezwa mu kindi kigo cya gisirikari mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda. Ikibabaje ni uko Kayibanda yakomeje kuvuga ngo HABYARIMANA ntiyareka Abakiga ngo bakore kudeta !

Kapiteni Bizimana abwiye Kayibanda ko narakajwe n’uko murumuna wanjye bamwirukanye bamubeshyera ngo ni Umututsi, ko ntumva n’icyo abo Batutsi bazira, Kayibanda yaravuze ngo “ese ni njye wakanga Abatutsi, ntikwaba ari ugutuka Verediyana ?” Kayibanda amenye ko Nsekarije yanze kohereza Abapolisi, yavuze ko bagomba kumwirukana, ko n’igipolisi kidahosha imvururu ntacyo kimaze. Niyo mpamvu yasheshe igipolisi, akivanga n’ingabo kugirango byose Habyarimana abitegeke, naho Nsekarije na Kanyarengwe bashyirwaga mu majwi bakajyanwa mu mashuri no mu gutegeka ibyayi. Kayibanda yahereyeko ahamagara Habyarimana, amutegeka kwohereza Ingabo kugarura umutekano mu gihugu. Mu bagiye guhosha imvururu, Kapiteni Maniraguha wo mu Ruhengeri na Suliyetona Nyampame nibo bajyanye ingabo zivuye i Kanombe gufatanya n’ipoloto (peloton) y’i Gitarama guhosha imvururu muri Gitarama.

Aho nari naraciriwe, nakomezaga gukurikira amakuru y’ibibera i Kigali. Icyo nabwiwe mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1973 na Minani Frodouald ni uko Liyetona  Niyoyita yari amaze gukora urutonde rw’abasirikari bimuriwe igihe kimwe nanjye. Urwo rutonde rwerekanaga neza cyane ukuntu abasirikari b’abasuzofisiye (Sous-officiers) n’abandi batojwe mu kurwanisha intwaro zisanzwe (armes collectives) bakomoka mu majyepfo y’igihugu bari bavanywe i Kigali na Kanombe, bakoherezwa za Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Ruhengeri, Mutara, Kibungo, babasimbuza abakomoka Gisenyi, Ruhengeri na Byumba. Twasabye kubaza perezida icyo abitekerezaho, kuko iyo bamubwiraga ko hari agatsiko k’Abakiga gategura kudeta, yavugaga ko bidashoboka, kuko Habyarimana ari umwana we buzura kandi yizeye. Twasabaga kandi Minani Frodouald kubaza perezida icyo kuriya kwimura abasirikari byerekanaga, impamvu hari ubwikanyize bwa Gisenyi na Ruhengeri mu buyobozi bw’inzego zose zirebana n’umutekano w’igihugu. Twaravugaga kandi tuti: “ko bigaragara ka Abakiga bategura coup d’Etat, kandi nibayikora, bazica Abanyenduga, uwabatanga twe tukayikora, ntitugire uwo twica, ahubwo bamwe tukabafunga?”

Dore ko Minani yari aturanye na Kayibanda, yadusize muri salo, anyura mu gikari agiye kureba perezida Kayibanda. Yagarutse hashize isaha. Atubwira ko Habyarimana nta rondakarere cyangwa ubwikanyize bwa Gisenyi na Ruhengeri yazanye mu gisirikare, ko ahubwo kubera ko Ababiligi bari bategetse ko Abatutsi bagomba kuba hagati ya 15 na 20 % mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikari, we na Balthazar Bicamumpaka, na Calliope Mulindahapi bahisemo ko imyanya yari igenewe Abahutu, mu itsinda rya mbere (première promotion) bayiharira Ruhengeri na Gisenyi, kuko mu yandi maperefegitura bitari byoroshye kumenya umuhutu nyawe, ejo batazavaho basanga imyanya y’Abahtutu yaratwawe n’Umututsi dore ko ngo Abatutsi bakundaga gukubagana mu ngo z’abagaragu babo!

Ku bijyanye no kwimura abasirikari,  perezida Kayibanda yabwiye Minani ko azahamagara  Habyarimana akabimubaza, atabona ibisobanuro akamusaba kubihagarika, dore ko icyo gihe  u Rwanda n’u Burundi byarebanaga ay’ingwe.

Ku birebana na kudeta byo Kayibanda yamuteye utwatsi, amubwirako mu basirikari bakuru, Habyarimana ari we ugerageza (ufite “préparation” ihagije) ; ariko akaba atabona impamvu yatuma Habyarimana  akora Coup d’Etat. Ati “ Ese ubundi ubutegetsi si we ubufite, si we wampaye Seyanga na Bizimana ngo mbagire ba ministiri, ko njyewe urubyiruko n’amasiporo nashakaga kubishinga Rwagafirita ?” Yaramubwiye ngo atubwire ko n’iyo Abakiga bakora  kudeta, we nta maraso ashaka ko tumena ngo turamugarura ku butegetsi, ngo uretse ko n’itegeko nshinga ritamwemerera gukomeza kuyobora igihugu, n’abaganga bakaba baramusabye kuruhuka ; ko kongre itegurwa ariyo izatoranyaumukandida wa MDR uziyamamariza umwanya wa perezida, ikiga ikibazo cy’imvururu zayogoje igihugu, kandi akazasaba kongere gufatira abazishoje ibihano by’intangarugero. Yongeyeho ko Verediana yaba yaravuze ngo “ntakumena amaraso y’abandi Bahutu, Abatutsi bazayamena” ! Ngo dutegereze kongere ibyo byose izabikemura.

“Ntawe urenga nyamunsi”

Ku wa 1 Nyakanga uzi ko kuri stade Nyamirambo basuzuguye perezida Kayibanda izuba riva, nawe ati :“Abashaka gukora kudeta nibayikore, simbitinya”. Nibajije ibyo ari byo, biranyobera. Mfata imodoka mva aho nari naraciriwe, nza i Kigali kureba uko bimeze. Nagiye kwa Kapiteni Bizimana, mpurirayo na Ministiri Frodouald Minani na Kalisa, muramu wa perezida Kayibanda. Mbabaza ibyo nari numviye i Kanombe kuko nahanyuze, ba Liyetona Bikolimana bakambwira bati : “Zana abasirikari ufite mu ….. , tubwire n’abandi basigaye hano mu bacu, maze tuburizemo kudeta bategura kuko ngo bazayikora le 5 Nyakanga”. Ubwo twari le 3 Nyakanga. Bizimana twari turwaniye iwe, kuko nari mvuze ngo “ibya KAYIBANDA tubireke, dukore kudeta, dutange Abakiga”. Kapiteni Bizimana ati : “Ibyo perezida ntabikozwa. Yadutegetse gutegereza kongere ya le 5 Nyakanga, ni yo IZEMEZA cyangwa ikanga umukandida azabasaba gukurikira kuko we ashaka kuruhuka, agakurikirana ishyaka  rya MDR ”.  Ati “iby’abo Bakiga na kudeta zabo ni akajagari bashoje, kariya gatsiko kazafatirwa ibyemezo muri kongere”. Nti “mujye kumubwira amakuru mvanye i Kanombe ko le 5 Nyakanga hazaba kudeta”. Kapiteni Bizimana yaranze, agezeho ajya yo, agarutse ati : “Avuze ko usubira mu …, ugatanga urugero rwo kumvira”; ngo “bamundezeho ko nabanje no kwanga kujya mu ….”, ngo “le 5 Nyakanga azaha Abanyarwanda bose igisubizo muri kongere, ndetse ko n’iyo iyo kudeta bayikora, we yizeye Habyarimana, ko we adashaka ko hagira amaraso ameneka, nta mirwano ashaka mu ngabo z’igihugu ”. Nahise nsubira mu ….. ariko, nyuze i Kanombe, mbwira Bikorimana na Ajida  Habimana ko Kayibanda yategetse ko dutegereza kongere. Bati : “Nutaza, ba Kanyarengwe barakora kudeta kandi nyamara na Habyarimana  abirimo”.

Umwanzuro

Abahakana ko imvururu zitateguwe n’Abasilikari b’Abakiga babanze batubwire impamvu mu bigo by’amashuri komite z’abayoboye kariya kajagari zayoborwaga n’Abakiga. Niba ari Grégoire Kayibanda wabiteguye, basobanure ukuntu aho kugira ngo abe arinjye amenyesha iyo gahunda ku birebana n’abakozi b’Abatutsi mu bwubatsi bwa gisirikari, ko nagendaga kwa Kayibanda, kuki atabimenyesheje ? Yarandenze maze ajya kubimenyesha Kapiteni Mutabazi wo ku Gisenyi, Liyetona Rwabakika wo mu Ruhengeri, na poromiye Serija Serugendo batagenda iwe ?

Muri icyo gihe inama (Congrès) za MDR zarimo zitegurwa. Turi aho abasirikari bakuru biyakirira (Mess Officiers) i Kanombe, twaganiriye uko inzego z’ishyaka ziri kwiga urutonde rw’abashobora gusimbura Kayibanda. Frodouald Minani yacecekesheje umuntu wari uvuze ngo “ariko ubundi kuki KAYIBANDA atakomeza”, ngo “abo bose bashaka gusimbura Kayibanda ni abanyerari”, amubwira ko “revolisiyo ya rubanda yaciye ingoma ya cyami, nta butegetsi karande kandi ko na nyirubwite azabyibwirira Congrès”. Ku bwanjye (ni Sulieyetona Viateur Nzaramba ukomeje kuvuga) nabonaga Frodouald Minani ari we wari ubukwiye. Kuri jye, niyo mpamvu abakoze kudeta barigitishije disikuru Kayibanda yari kuvugira muri kongere yari iteganijwe le 05 juillet 1973, kuko igiye ahagaragara bamwara.

Tugaruke ku bya Lizinde wagize ati : “Si wowe ushinzwe umutekano w’igihugu”. Ubundi mu gihugu hari ibyo bita ministeri z’ubusugire bw’igihugu (ministères de souveraineté), ari zo :

1.Ububanyi n’amahanga (Affaires Etrangères, diplomatie).

2.  Ubutegetsi bw’igihugu (Interieur)

3. Kurinda ubusugire bw’igihugu (Défense)

4. Imali y’igihugu (Finances)

Abashinzwe umutekano ni Ministeri 2 :  iy’Ingabo n’iy’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu. Izo ministeri zitegeka ingabo, abapolisi n’inzego z’iperereza (sûreté) zikoreshwa muri ako kazi ko kubungabunga umutekano n’ubusugire bw’igihugu. Mu w’1973 Ingabo, Abaplosi n’inzego z’iperereza byose byari muri Ministeri y’Ingabo. Habyarimana ni we wari ministiri, umugaba mukuru w’Ingabo n’abapolisi.Umuyobozi mukuru w’abapolisi (Directeur géneral de la police) yari Majoro Nsekarije (Gisenyi), umuyobozi mukuru w’iperereza yari liyetona Koloneli Kanyarengwe (Ruhengeri), naho Komanda Lizinde (Gisenyi) akaba umuyobozi w’ibiro by’imishinga n’izindi gahunda (Bureau Etude et Programme). Abo bagabo ni bo bari bashinzwe iperereza no kurinda umutekano. Imvururu zabaye babizi, barabirebera, barareka ziraba. Umuyobozi wa Koleji ya Mutagatifu Andereya yitabaje Abapolisi, Nsekarije ababuza gutabara, nabivuze. Abo bose ni Abakiga, bakoze kudeta bitwaje ziriya mvururu, baburizamo kongere ya MDR yagombaga gutoranya umukandida wari kuziyamamariza umwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu, igasuzuma na kiriya kibazo cy’imvururu zabaye. Bakoze kudeta, bariya bagabo ni bo bafashe imyanya ikomeye :

1.Habyarimana : Umukuru w’igihugu, perezida wa Komite y’ubumwe n’amahoro, ministiri w’ingabo, n’umugaba mukuru wazo.

2. Kanyarengwe : Ministiri w’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu n’abakozi ba Leta (ministeri 2).

3. NSEKARIJE : Ububanyi n’amahanga.

4. LIZINDE = Umuyobozi mukuru w’iperereza.

Uwavuga ko bariya bagabo bane, hamwe na bagenzi babo bashoje imvururu mu gihugu kugirango babyitwaze bakore kudeta, bamara kuyikora bagasibanganya ibimenyetso, bakica Abanyagitarama, bakabubikaho urusyo ngo bari bagiye kuroha Urwanda, ngo Kayibanda yari agiye guhindura itegeko nshinga kugirango ahame ku ubutegetsi, ntiyaba yibeshye. Ikindi kandi, bamwe Badatana bo ku wa 5 Nyakanga (Camarades du 5 juillet) baracyariho   : Koloneli Serubuga, Koloneli Gahimano, Koloneli Ntibitura n’anandi. Bakwiye kugira icyo babivugaho.

BIRACYAZA….

Jean de Dieu Musemakweli