Kagame might be Rwanda’s Stalin: David Himbara’s analysis

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In his most recent post on social media, David Himbara, the former Kagame’s economic adviser portrays Rwanda as  the Soviet Union and Kagame as Rwanda’s Stalin. Using Wendy Goldman’s book “Inventing the Enemy“, Himbara finds an unfortunate similarity between Stalin’s governance model and Kagame’s system. Two main arguments  of Goldman’s book are well and alive in today’s Rwanda:1.Ordinary Soviet citizens participated widely and actively in the terror and 2. the line between victims and perpetrators was very blurred.

The same scene happens in Rwanda on a daily basis where  ordinary people also participate in the terror by speaking against coworkers at meetings, by naming names, and by preemptive attacks on others to demonstrate their own loyalty. Also we see people denouncing others, and then becoming victims themselves of the very political culture they initially helped to create and sustain. And, OMG!..it is unfortunate to realise that Everyone in Rwanda is victimized to one degree or another, and everyone participates in victimization.  No social or political group is left untouched. Very true. I love this piece of analysis. Although, as Himbara puts it, we don’t know how Kagame will end, we have to keep in our minds that we are the change we want to see. .  Admin

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Paul Kagame(L), a reincarnation of Joseph Stalin(R)?

Following is Himbara’s words:

We are witnessing in Rwanda horrific denunciations and terror whereby relatives denounce relatives, coworkers turn against each other, and friends denounce friends in a frightening frenzy. Outside Rwanda opponents of the regime – real or imagined are hunted down and even assassinated. This is the time to quote the famous phrase – “the only lesson we learn from history is that we do not learn from history.”

This madness we are witnessing in Rwanda is in fact a replay of history many times over in different parts of the world with disastrous consequences for both the perpetrators and victims.

I invite compatriots to read Wendy Goldman’s book “Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin’s Russia.” I promise you that after you read this book you will say “oh my God, this is precisely what is happening in Rwanda.”

In a nutshell, the book “Inventing the Enemy” is about the period known as the “Great Terror” in the Soviet Union. The book demonstrates that at the height of the terror in 1937–38, the Soviet secret police arrested approximately 1.6 million people for “political crimes.” More than 1.3 million were convicted, and about 683,000 executed.

Goldman’s book, however, does not focus only on numbers. The main task of this shocking account is to reconstruct how ordinary people reacted to the terror and how they were affected by it. The book deals exhaustively with the events that created the poisonous climate of fear and denunciation that soon engulfed the country. The heart of the book is really about the breaking of ties among people at work and at home – and the poisoned/collapse of relations among coworkers, family, friends, and lovers. The book also describes how the terror came to an end as the most ardent proponents of terror were arrested and sent to the camps as “bawlers,” or denouncers of the innocent. The book has a chapter titled “A History without Heroes,” which analyzes all kinds of human behavior during the terror, and shows how ordinary citizens collaborated, participated in, and resisted the denunciations.

What is scary about “Inventing the Enemy” is how terror in Soviet Union introduced extra judicial trials. As more suspects were thrown into prison and subjected to brutal interrogation and torture, Soviet leaders became convinced of a vast conspiracy of the so-called “terrorists,” both potential and real. Soviet rulers soon encouraged ordinary citizens to denounce those they suspected of disloyalty or treason. Many ordinary citizens denounced their neighbors, coworkers, and even family members.

Wendy Goldman’s main argument—and indeed the overriding lesson of her book —is therefore that ordinary “citizens helped to create a political culture that supported the abrogation of civil liberties.”

Yet as more and more people were arrested, many others realized that they, too, might become victims. What began as anti-terror measures…became a true terror.” In other words, the campaign launched by the state soon became “a full blown terror in which one’s fellow citizens become rabid agents of denunciation and no one is safe.”

Reading this book about events that happened that happened some 70 years ago, one would think that the author is describing what is happening in Rwanda today. We of course know how it all ended in Stalin’s Russia. What we don’t know is how the ongoing madness in Rwanda might end.

Kuba umwanzi w’umuntu ku giti cye gusa ntibimugira umwanzi w’igihugu.

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                          cropped-cropped-gahunde.jpg“Ku bakiri mu gisirikare nibibuke ko akazi ka bo ari ukurinda ubusugire bw’igihugu barwanya umwanzi ariko banazirikane ko umuntu urwanira uburenganzira bwe aba atari umwanzi w’igihugu.Ahubwo uwo akwiye gushyigikirwa. Bibuke kandi ko umwanzi w’umuntu ku giti cye aba atari umwanzi w’igihugu”. Chaste Gahunde, September 2014

 

Hashize iminsi mu Rwanda havugwa itabwa muri yombi rya bamwe mu basirikare bakuru bo mu ngabo z’u Rwanda RDF. Ni igikorwa Kagame yatangiye hakaba hagiye gushira imyaka itanu. Iki gikorwa cyaje gikurikiye inyandiko  yo mu mwaka wa 2010 yiswe Rwanda Briefing yanditswe n’abagabo bane (Kayumba Nyamwasa, Patrick Karegeya,  Gerard Gahima na Theogene Rudasingwa) bahoze mu buyobozi bwo hejuru bw’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’ubw’ishyaka FPR.

 

Muri iyi nyandiko, bimwe mu byo aba bagabo binubiraga, harimo ko FPR ikomeje gukandamiza Abanyarwanda ku nyungu za Kagame wenyine n’umuryango we, ariko cyane cyane Abahutu bakaba bakomeje kwigizwayo mu myanya ifatirwamo ibyemezo, bikaba biramutse bidakosowe nta shiti u Rwanda rwazongera rukagwa mu bibazo bya genocide. Aba bagabo ntibarekeye aho kuko bahise bashinga n’ishyaka RNC  rigamije kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Kagame no kubusimbuza ubunogeye Abanyarwanda bose.

N’ubwo bwose Abanyarwanda bamwe batekereje ko RNC itageza ku Banyarwanda ibyiza,  mu gihe abayishinze batabanje gusaba imbabazi ku byaha  by’indengakamere FPR yakoze dore ko na bo bahoze mu bari mu bayikuriye, Kagame we yabonye RNC nka rimwe mu mashyaka ashobora kumuhungabanya. Ibi byagaragajwe no gutangira gutukana abita isazi, amazirantoki, ibigarasha, n’ibindi bitutsi bigirwa n’abashumba gusa. Ikindi cyakurikiyeho ni icyoba Kagame yatewe no gukeka ko RNC yaba ikorana na bamwe mu basirikare ba RDF bari inkoramutima za Kayumba na Karegeya. Maze ahera ubwo yirara mu basirikare be ntiwareba: Colonel Rugigana murumuna wa Nyamwasa arafungwa,Karegeya anigishwa ikiziriko Rujugiro ibintu bye birafatirwa, Kayumba baramuhusha, none mu minsi ishize mwumvise ibyabaye.

Colonel Byabagamba yarafunzwe, General Rusagara ni uko, David Kabuye umugabo wa Rosa Kabuye arafungwa, ndetse Rosa (umufasha wa Kabuye) na Baine (umufasha wa Byabagamba) bashyirwa mu birura byataye umurongo!

Icyo ibi bisobanuye ni uko Kagame ageze kure aho atagishobora kumenya inkoramutima n’umwanzi we haba mu gisirikare ndetse no muri FPR. Muri politiki ikosa rikomeye kurusha ayandi ni ugufata umwanzi ukamwita umukunzi cyangwa se umukunzi ukamwita umwanzi kuko biganisha ku gutsindwa. Ibi ni byo Kagame yibereyemo kandi yaba abikora abizi, cyangwa se abikora ari amaburakindi ntibizabura kumugaruka. Abakurikiranira hafi ubuzima bwa Paul Kagame n’uburyo afatamo ibyemezo, bakunda gukeka ko afite uburwayi bwitwa psychosis bukaba aribwo butuma nta muntu akizera kandi akiyemera ko ari we wenyine ushoboye gukora ikiri icyiza.

Icyo byakwigisha Abanyarwanda cyane cyane abakihambiriye kuri FPR ni uko uhishira umurozi akakumara ku rubyaro. Gukomeza kurebera Kagame akumaraho abantu ukibwira ko wowe uzasigara amahoro waba utazi igisobanuro cy’amahoro. Ku bakiri mu gisirikare nibibuke ko akazi kabo ari ukurinda ubusugire bw’igihugu barwanya umwanzi ariko banazirikane ko umuntu urwanira uburenganzira bwe aba atari umwanzi w’igihugu.Ahubwo uwo akwiye gushyigikirwa. Bibuke kandi ko umwanzi w’umuntu ku giti cye aba atari umwanzi w’igihugu.

Sinasoza ntasabye abahagurukiye kwitangira umurimo wa politiki ko ibiba byababera impamvu yo kongera gutekereza no kwegerana ngo igikwiye gikorwe amazi atararenga inkombe.

Mugire ubutwari kandi ukuri kuzatsinda.

Chaste Gahunde,

ISHEMA Party

Wowe ukiziritse kuri Paul Kagame urusha ubuhe bumanzi abavandimwe be?

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Nyuma yo kuzirikana ibyavugiwe mu nteko y’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa FPR yateranye ku cyumweru taliki ya 31/8/2014, nkitegereza n’uko Kagame akomeje umurego mu kugaraguza agati abavandimwe be , byanteye kwibuka. Nibutse inkuru ibabaje kandi yabaho n’ubwo yenda yaba izwi na bake.

Nyuma ya COUP D’ETAT yo mu 1973, Perezida Kayibanda yagejejwe imbere y’urukiko ngo acirwe urubanza. Nuko nk’uko bisanzwe bigenda umucamanza abwira Kayibanda ati:

-Vuga amazina yawe n’ay’ababyeyi bawe

Kayibanda ati :

-Ugize ngo mvuge amazina yanjye n’ayababyeyi banjye ? Harya sha, ntiwitwa NTIBITURA(majoro), mwene NTIBITURA hariya i Rwaza ?

Undi ati yego .

Kayibanda arakomeza:

-Harya sha, aho wicaye aho si ku bwanjye ? Ejobundi ntibari bafashe icyemezo cyo kukwirukana mu gisilikari kubera ko wari wakomeretse ngasaba ko batagusezerera ahubwo bakakugira Officier d’ordonnance wanjye kuko byo bidasaba imyitozo ya gisilikari ihanitse ?

Undi araceceka.

Kayibanda aranzura :

-Muri ba  NTI-BII-TUU-RA koko.

Uko byagenze ibara umupfu .Sinjye wahera !

Iyo ubonye uko muri iyi minsi Paul Kagame ashishikariye kugaraguza agati bagenzi be babanye, bagasangira uguhangayika,amarira n’ibyago iyo mu buhungiro, ku rugamba …Uribwira uti uyu na we ubanza ari mwene Ntibiituura!

[…

karegeya

 

 

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Abo bose ni abavandimwe ba Kagame bamufashije urugamba akaba asigaye abita ibirura.

Uhereye ku ifoto ibanza:

  • Col Patrick Karegeya wari ushinzwe iperereza yanigishijwe ikiziriko
  • Capt David Kabuye na Gen Frank Rusagara bari mu buroko
  • Gen Dan Gapfizi bamutsinze mu Mutara
  • Mary Baine arazira umugabo we Colonel Byabagamba
  • Maj Sengati yarasiwe muri Muhanga
  • Lt Col Rose Kabuye yashyizwe ku gatebe
  • Gen Kayumba Nyamwasa yagizwe ikimuga n’amasasu yarashwe kabiri kose arusimbuka
  • Col Tom Byabagamba yahoze arinda Paul Kagame ubu ari mu buroko

N’abandi benshi tutarondoye.

Ese wowe ukiziritse kuri Kagame ubarusha ubuhe bumanzi? Ubwo revolisiyo igiye gutangira uzafate icyemezo cya kigabo: Kwifatanya na rubanda aho gukorera intashima. ] Byongeweho n’ubwanditsi bwa blog.

Iyo urebye uko Kagame yitura inabi abantu bamufashije , bakamurwanaho, bakamurindira ubuzima, guhera iyo mu mashyamba kugera n’ubu….ntiwabura kwiyamira uti ba Ntibiituura ni benshi.

Nk’ubu koko kunigisha  Patrick Karegeya ikiziriko byari ngombwa ? Nta kindi gisubizo yabonera amakimbirane afitanye n’icuti ze magara za kera kitari ukurasa Kayumba Nyamwasa, incuro zirenze ebyeri ? Tom Byabagamba wamurinze nta yindi ngororano yahabwa uretse kuba agiye guhambirirwa amaboko mu mugongo akoherwa mu Kiyaga cya Rweru ? Urupfu rwa Inyumba Aloyiziya nta wakwirirwa arugarukaho ariko narwo rwerekanye inyiturano abafasha ba Kagame bagomba kumutegerezaho. Ibyo Abaswahili bavuze biranze birujujwe ngo “Shukrani ya Punda ni teke”!(Inyiturano y’indogobe ni umugeri).

Twibuke abagore bitangiye FPR-Inkotanyi kuva kera nka Roza Kabuye,Mary Baine… none bakaba bagororewe gusoza amateka yabo bandaritswe, biswe ABAGAMBANYI kugeza ubwo bahabwa akazina k’IBIRURA !

Niba koko izi Nkotanyi z’ikubitiro zose ari IBIRURA nk’uko Kagame abyemeza, umukuru muri bo we ubumalayika n’ubunyangamugayo bye byaba bishingiye kuki ? Yabura ate kwitwa IKIRURA GIKURU ?

Ibyo Abanyarwanda bashinja Inkotanyi ni byinshi cyane,ariko si Kagame ukwiye guhinduka bagenzi be ngo ababere umucamanza, we yishyira aheza. Ndetse ahubwo benshi muri bariya Kagame yita IBIRURA usanga ibyaha by’ubuhotozi n’ubusahuzi babarwaho bishobora no kubazwa Kagame kuko ariwe wabategekaga,hakaba n’ubwo abibashoramo ku gahato yenda batanabyemera.

 

Umwanzuro.

Mu gihe Kagame yita bagenzi be IBIRURA , we nimumworohere ntimumwite IKIRURA GIKURU ahubwo mumwihere akazina kajyanye n’imikorere ye : nimumwite NTIBIITUURA, birahagije. Umuntu utibuka abamugiriye neza, bakamufasha, bakamugira icyo aricyo, akwiye kubatizwa akitwaNTIBIBUKA.

Kagame namenye neza ko atabaye icyo aricyo kubera ubwenge bwinshi yarushaga bagenzi be, ntiyabikesheje ubutwari budasanzwe , ubutungane cyangwa ubunyangamugayo buzira amakemwa.Uko ari kose ni impano yahawe kandi yabifashijwemo n’abo ariho agaraguza agati ubungubu.

Muri iki gihe Abanyarwanda bifitiye ibibazo bikomeye bakomeje guterwa na Kagame n’ubutegetsi bwe butita ku neza ya rubanda ahubwo bukaba bushyira imbere inyungu z’umuryango we gusa. Igihugu cyose agifata nk’urugo rwe, kandi ntibikwiye. Uteshutse ku nshingano yo gukorera inyungu z’urugo rwa Kagame niwe witwaga IKIGARASHA, ISAZI, IGIPINGA, guhera ubu ngo azajya yitwaIKIRURA (kigambiriye kwiba Kagame ubutegetsi)!

Iyi myumvire y’igihugu n’ubutegetsi  Kagame yifitemo isa neza neza n’iy’ingoma ya cyami yubakiye kuri gihake, aho ibyiza  byose by’igihugu byari iby’Umwami abenegihugu bose bakaba ABAGARAGU be. Iyi mitegekere niyo rubanda yanze mu 1959, ikora Revolusiyo, isezerera Karinga n’izayo zose, u Rwanda rugirwa Repubulika.

Nyamara dore nyuma y’imyaka isaga 50 Kagame atugaruye muri “systeme’ ya cyami na giheke, yitwikiriye ishusho ya Repubulika yubakiye ku iterabwoba.

Banyarwanda, Banyarwandakazi; Batwa , Batutsi namwe Bahutu, iyi “Gihake ya Kagame”muzakomeza muyireebeere kugeza mwese ibafashe, umwe umwe, ikababika mu mifuka ifunze, muboheye amaboko mu mugongo, ikabohereza koga mu kiyaga cya RWERU ?

Niba ntagikozwe ngo ibintu bihinduke bwangu, Kagame ntazaba yarabavuze ukuri, we ubita ISENENI bafata bakaziterera mu gitebo, zikajya zifatana amaguru ngo hatagira isohoka ikihungira, nyirukuzifata agashyushya amazi ZIREBA, akazitereramo zikanuye, kugeza zihiye, akazirya ziturumbuye amaso !

Bazumva ryari ni umwana w’umunyarwanda.

 

Padiri Thomas Nahimana

Ishema Party 

HABYARIMANA YAZANYE AMAJYAMBERE : AMATEKA Y’AMAJYAMBERE Y’U RWANDA N’ABABIGIZEMO URUHARE.

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 Par:Jean de Dieu Musemakweli

Intego nyamukuru y’ingoma ya Habyarimana (1973-1994) yari amajyambere. Ishyaka rye rimwe rukumbi ryari Muvoma revolisiyonei iharanira amajyambere y’u Rwanda (MRND). Intego ishinga amategeko yitwaga Inama y’igihugu iharanira amajyambere (Conseil National de développement – CND -). Ministeri y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu yari kandi na ministeri y’amajyambere ya komini (intérieur et développement communal). Ikigega cyari gihuriweho n’amakomini, kikagoboka arushije andi kugira ibibazo cyitwaga “isandugu mpuzamakomini igamije amajyambere” (Caisse intercommunale de développement – CID -). Uko buri mwaka utangiye, umukuru w’igihugu yabwiraga Abanyarwanda intego izitabwaho kurusha izindi mu rwego rwo gutsura amajyambere (gutura heza, ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, amazi meza mu cyaro  -hydrolique rurale- …..). Habaga kandi mu cyi rya buri mwaka icyumweru cyo gutaha no gutangiza imishinga. Hari ubwo icyo cyumweru cyamaraga iminsi 15 cyangwa 21.

Ntibyari amagambo cyangwa indirimbo gusa, ku ngoma ya Habyarimana amajyambere mu Rwanda yariyongereye koko ku buryo bugaragara cyane cyane ayo mu cyaro. Impamvu zatumye ayo majyambere agerwaho ni nyinshi, ariko twavuga nk’eshatu : ubushake (volonté politique), umuganda (Travaux communautaires de développement), imfashanyo z’amahanga n’imishinga y’amajyambere y’icyaro (projets de développement rural). “Ntawe ushimwa na bose”, ibyo birasanzwe, hari n’abatanyurwa na rimwe. Umuntu ntiyabura icyo anegura ku umuganda. Na FPR yawuvugaga nabi yarawugaruye. Ntawabura icyo anenga ku micungire (gestion financière) y’imishinga y’amajyambere yaterwaga inkunga n’imfashanyo z’amahanga ; ariko muri rusange amajyambere yariyongereye cyane mu Rwanda ku ngoma ya Habyarimana, amajyambere y’icyaro utaretse n’ayo mu migi.

Hari uwaherako atera hejuru ngo “naho se ku ngoma ya Kagame na FPR amajyambere ntari kwiyongera ?” Ari kwiyongera, ariko ntabwo ari kimwe. Amajyambere yo ku ngoma ya Kagame ni ibintu by’inkaburamatsiko, biturutse hejuru, ndetse uwashaka yanavuga ko biturutse hanze (exogène). Bizafata igihe kirekire ngo bizagere ku muturage, bishobora no kutazamugeraho na rimwe. Amajyambere yo ku ngoma ya Habyarimana yari amajyambere ahereye hasi (endogène). Yego, no ku ngoma ya Habyarimana u Rwanda rwari igihugu gikennye, ariko mu cyaro hari amafaranga aruta ahari ubungubu. Ubu mu cyaro nta n’ifaranga rihari, abaturage “bararirira mu myotsi”. Impamvu nyamukuru ibitera ni ikinyuranyo kiri hagati ya Habyarimana na Kagame, n’uburyo bwabo bunyuranye bwo gutegeka no gukora umurimo wa politiki.

Abakurambere barabivuze koko ngo “Ntayima nyina akabara” bakongera bati “isuku igira isoko, …..”. Habyarimana yari mwene Rubanda. Ise yari umwarimu wa gatigisimu. Yari azi ubukene buba mu cyaro, akamenya ko umuhinzi mworozi abona icyo kurya yiyushye akuya. Kagame we akomoka mu muryango w’Abatutsi bahunze kubera ko batashakaga gutegekwa n’Abahutu. Kuri bo u Rwanda n’ibyiza byarwo byose byari umwihariko w’Abatutsi ; Abahutu n’Abatwa bakagomba kubabera abagaragu n’abacakara.Yakuriye mu nkambi z’impunzi, bamucengezamo umunsi n’ijoro (endoctrinement) ko Abahutu bigobotoye ingoma  ya cyami, gihake na gikolonize ari abantu babi, kandi ko mu cyaro cyo mu Rwanda abahatuye benshi, hafi 98%  ari Abahutu. Ngibyo nguko, “impamvu ingana ururo”.

Abo bagabo bombi (Habyarimana na Kagame) banyuranye nanone mu buryo bwo kumva imitegekere y’igihugu n’icyo umurimo wa politiki ugamije. Nta gushidikanya, bombi bakunda ubutegetsi. Iyo intambara idatera, ntawamenya igihe Habyarimana yari kuzasezerera. Ubu Kagame nawe arahomereye, ubanza ahari ntakizamuvana mu Urugwiro. Icyo bataniyeho ni iki : igihe cyose utabaga ubangamiye ubutegetsi bwe, Habyarimana yarakurekaga ukikorera ku giti cyawe. N’Abatutsi bavuga ngo barakandamizwaga ku ngoma ya Habyarimana, yabahaga rugari bakicururiza, bagashinga nabo inganda nini, iziciriritse n’intoya. Kagame we si uko abyumva. We agendera ku ihame rivuga ko “iyo umuntu afite ubutegetsi, ashaka n’amafaranga ; yaba afite amafaranga, agashaka n’ubutegetsi”. Kubera rero ko amafaranga atuma uyafite ashaka ubutegetsi, kandi koko akaba yamufasha kubugeraho, birakwiye gukora ibishoboka byose kugirango Abahutu batagira amafaranga.

Umuturage yakuraga ifaranga mu bihingwa ngandurarugo. Politiki yo guhuza ubutaka n’iy’igihingwa kimwe rukumbi yasubije Abanyarwanda inyuma cyane. Kugirango bazaveyo bizafata igihe. Hejuru y’ibyo kandi, abaturage benshi bambuwe amasambu yabo, aha ngo ni politiki yo gusaranganya. Ko tudasaranganya se imiturirwa, imishahara, amamodoka n’ibindi byose abantu bo mu gatsiko n’abambari babo bafite ? Umuturage yavanaga ifaranga mu buhinzi bw’ibihingwa ngengabukungu (ikawa, icyayi, ikinini, pireteri n’ibindi). FPR yamaze imyaka myinshi ica intege abaturage ngo badakomeza kubihinga. Kugirango bizongere kugoboka umuhinzi nk’uko byamugobokaga ku ngoma ya Habyarimana bizafata imyaka myinshi. Umuturage yavanaga ifaranga mu bushoramari. Ubu abacuruzi boroherezwa mu kugurizwa n’amabanki, mu gutumiza ibintu no kubicuruza, ahanini ni abantu bo mu gatsiko cyangwa abemeye kujya mu kwaha kwako. Abandi bo bamburwa ubucuruzi bwabo, bagahombywa, ndetse bamwe bakahasiga n’ubuzima bwabo. Umuturage yakuraga ifaranga ku umwana we wize, akabona akazi, akagira icyo yimarira, akakimarira n’umuryango we. Ubu kugirango umwana w’umuhutu azabone amafaranga y’ishuri ni ingorabahizi. Niba abashije kwiga, kugirango azabone akazi biragoye, azira gusa “icyaha cy’inkomoko” (kuberako akomoka mu bwoko bw’Abahutu).

Umwanzuro

Hari umugani wa kinyarwanda uvuga ngo “gutwara (gutegeka) ntawe byananiye kireka uwo batabihaye”. Gutwara Abanyarwanda ntibyagombye kuba ikintu gikomeye, kuko nta kindi basaba kitari uko ubareka bakikorera imirimo ibateza imbere. Kandi amajyambere nyakuri ni ahereye hasi mu baturage, igihugu kikagenda kizamuka buhoro buhoro. Habyarimana muri rusange yarabarekaga bakikorera, hafi buri wese agatungwa mu mahoro n’utwo yiyuhiye akuya. Ingoma ya Kagame yo ihoza Abanyarwanda, cyane abo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu ku nkeke. Ikabita abicanyi, ibisambo, ibipinga n’ibindi bitutsi byinshi. Nta burenganzira bafite bwo gutera imbere kubera ko, uko Kagame abyumva, “iyo umuntu afite ubutegetsi, ashaka n’amafaranga ; yaba afite amafaranga, agashaka n’ubutegetsi”.

Twagereranije amajyambere yo ku gihe cya Habyarimana n’ayo kuri iyi ngoma ya Kagame na FPR. Kayibanda se we nta majyambere yazanye ? Ingoma ya cyami se yo nta mayambere yasize ? Abakoloni se bo nta majyambere bazanye ?

Niba Abakoloni se barazanye amajyambere, kuki ibihugu byahoze bikolonijwe byifuje kwigenga ? Niba ingoma ya cyami yarazanye amajyambere, kuki Abanyarwanda bahisemo repubulika ? Kuki se havugwa amajyambere Habyarimana yazanye, ayo ku ngoma ya Kayibanda ntavugwe cyane ?  Kuki Kagame na FPR ye birirwa bavuza iya bahanda ngo mu Rwanda hari amajyambere, ariko mu cyaro (ndetse no mu migi) inzara ikaba ivuza ubuhuha, abaturage ibihumbi mirongo na mirongo bakaburirwa irengero, mu kiyaga cya Rweru hakaboneka imirambo y’abantu 40 bishwe (na leta ?) baboheye amaboko inyuma kandi  bazingiye mu mifuka ? Mu rwego rwo gusubiza ibyo bibazo, tuzatangira kubagezaho ubutaha icyo twakwita “Amateka y’amajyambere mu Rwanda kuva ku mwaduko w’Abazungu kugeza ubu”.

 

Banyarwanda, Banyarwandakazi, basomyi namwe bakunzi b’urubuga Umuhanuzi-leprophete, mugire amahoro kandi Imana y’i Rwanda ikomeze ibarinde.

BIRACYAZA….

 

Jean de Dieu Musemakweli

Coup d’Etat 1973 : Abishyize hamwe ntakibananira. “Nta ngoma yarusha ubugome iya Kagame na FPR ye”

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Par:Jean de Dieu Musemakweli

imiramboNta ngoma yarusha ubugome n’urugomo iya FPR na Kagame .

UMWANZURO

Ingoma ya Habyarimana (1973-1994) yatangiye imena amaraso y’abanyapolitiki bari baradukijije ingoma ya cyami na gihake. Bikwiye kugawa n’abashyira mu gaciro bose. Ingoma ya Habyarimana kandi yarangirije mu mivu y’amaraso menshi kurushaho. Kuvuga ko ingoma ya Habyarimana yarangirije mu mivu y’amaraso bisobanura ko ingoma ya Kagame (1994-?) yatangiriye muri iyo mivu y’amaraso nyine. Kuva mu w’1994 kugeza ubu, ayo maraso akomeje kumeneka. Ibimenyetso 2 bya nyuma biherutse kubyerekana ku mugaragaro (publiquement) kandi ku buryo budasubirwaho ni uko ngo “abantu ibihumbi 40 bakoraga imirimo nsimburagifungo baburiwe irengero”. Ikindi kimenyetso ni imirambo 40 abantu babonye ireremba mu kiyaga cya Rweru.

Iyo ingoma igiyeho imena amaraso, igumaho imena andi, ikazavaho nanone mu mivu y’andi menshi kurushaho. Twakora iki, Banyarwanda, Banyarwandakazi ngo dukumire ayo mahano, kugirango ingoma ya Kagame na FPR IVEHO itagombye kwisasira izindi nzirakarengane zitagira ingano?

Kuba abatsikamiwe n’ingoma ya Kagame na FPR bakomoka mu turere no mu moko anyuranye bisa n’aho ari kimwe mu bibabuza gushyira ingufu zabo hamwe ngo bayikize. Nyamara ni nacyo cyakagombye kubatera imbaraga !

Muri uru ruhererekane rw’inyandiko twise “Abishyize hamwe ntakibananira” twibanze ku iyicwa rubozo ry’abategetsi bo kuri repubulika ya mbere (1962-1971). Nabyo bikwiye kuvugwa, ni ukuri kw’amateka yacu mabi.  Bikwiye kwaturwa bikavugwa bityo abakora icyunamo bakagikora mu mutuzo, abibuka ababo bakabikora ntawe ubannyega. Ni uburenganzira bwabo. Twese twiboneye ukuntu iryo yicwa rubozo ryajyanye na Coup d’Etat yo mu 1973 ryabyaye ikintu kimeze nk’inzigo gituma Abahutu bo mu majyepfo y’u Rwanda (Abanyanduga) n’abo mu majyaruguru (Abakiga) bakomeje kurebana ay’ingwe. N’iyo batari gusubiranamo ku mugaragaro, nta cyo bakora ngo bahuze ingufu zabo birwaneho, bagamije kwikiza ingoma y’Inkotanyi ibarembeje. Nibakomeza guheranwa n’inzigo ishingiye ku byabaye mu 1973, ntibagerageze kubirenga, ngo bagire ikindi kizima bubaka, Kagame azabamarira ku icumu urusorongo nk’ubushwiriri.

“Kora ndebe iruta vuga numve”.

Abayobozi b’amashyaka n’abafasha babo (les cadres) baramutse batanze urugero rwiza, abayoboke b’ayo mashyaka, ndetse n’abandi Banyarwanda benshi bakurikiza urwo rugero. Kugirango abayobozi b’amashyaka n’abafasha babo babashe kurenga iyo nzitizi, bagomba kwiyibutsa no kwicengezamo ihame rigira riti “Icyaha ni gatozi”. Niba umuntu Kanaka yarishe, ntabwo ari umwana, umwuzukuru, umuturanyi we cyangwa ukomoka muri ako karere wese wabikoze. Abakomoka ku bishe no ku biciwe, abakomoka mu turere tunyuranye kabone n’ubwo twaba dufite ibyo dupfa, bashobora kuba intwari, bagakorana. None se muri politiki kwigomwa (sacrifice) si ikintu ngombwa ? Ntibyoroshye, ariko birashoboka. Ubishoboye aba yerekanye ko yashobora n’ibindi bikomeye kurushaho agamije ineza y’u Rwanda rwamubyaye. Uwo muntu n’abandi bamugirira icyizere.

“Abishyize hamwe ntakibananira”.

Kimwe mu biranga umuyeshuri w’umuswa ni uko atamenya no gukopera. Naho uw’umuhanga aba azi n’aho yajya gukopera bibaye ngombwa. Dufate urugero rw’igihugu cy’igihangange cyitwa ko cyakataje no muri demokarasi ari cyo Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika. Kirimo amashyaka manini ya politiki 2 gusa : Abademokarate (démocrates) n’Abarepubulike (républicains). Ariko burya buri shyaka riba ririmo ibice nibura 3 : Abatavangiye (démocrates de gauche et républicains de droite -Tea Party-), abo hagati (centre) n’aboroshya bashobora no kugendera ku cyiza babonye mu ishyaka rihanganye n’iryabo. Buri gice kiba gifite leta cyiganjemo. Kugirango ishyaka ritsinde muri rusange (niveau fédéral), biba ngombwa ko buri gice cyigarurira amajwi y’aho cyiganje. Icyo gihe rero, mu kugabana imyanya, mu kugena politiki izagenderwaho mu ngamba izo ari zo zose, umukandida watsinze yita kuri ayo mashyaka agize impuzamashyaka (démocrates ou républicains) yatsinze.

Abanyapolotiki  bacu rero n’abafasha babo (cadres des partis) nibakoreshe ubwenge, ubushishozi, gushyira mu gaciro n’izindi mpano bafite, bakurikize urwo rugero cyangwa urundi bazi kandi babonye rwiza. Kwigomwa ukifatanya n’abandi bituma ugira icyo ukiza, naho kudafatanya bibyara guhomba byose. Hagize ishyaka rimwe rukumbi riba “nyamwigendaho nk’ubugi bw’intorezo” rikagira ingufu zihagije (uretse ko bikomeye, bikaba ndetse bitanashoboka) zo gukiza u Rwanda ingoma ya FPR, naryo ryagwa mu gishuko ryo gukoresha igitugu kugirango rirambe ku ngoma. Ubwo rero u Rwanda rwaba ari “ntaho ruvuye, ntaho rugiye”.

Ubutaha tuzabagezaho urundi ruhererekane rw’inyandiko zerekana IBYIZA byinshi Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri zagejeje kuri rubanda. Ibyo byiza nibyo Kagame na FPR ye bahora bashaka gusibanganya kugira ngo berekane ko Repubulika zombi nta kindi zakoze uretse gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa jenoside. Sibyo.

Icyakora, mu ngoma zabayeho  mu Rwanda kugeza ubu, iya Kagame na FPR ni yo mbi kuzirusha zose ; kandi birakomeye, uwashaka yavuga ko bitanashoboka, kugirango hazabeho indi iyirusha ububi, ububisha, urugomo n’ubugome. Abayirwanya nibishyire hamwe, maze barebe ngo barayibirindura mu kanya ko guhumbya ijisho.

 

Jean de Dieu Musemakweli

i Kigali

 

 

 

Second Genocide in Rwanda? Slow, Silent, and Systematic?

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rwanda-map-large-300-3001

What is happening in Rwanda? On Aug. 26, the BBC reported that Burundian officials are investigating to determine why Rwandan bodies have been found floating in Lake Rweru, on Burundi’s border with Rwanda.

The discovery is not only gruesome but also ominous because both East African nations suffer from extremely volatile Hutu-Tutsi ethnic rivalries rooted in centuries of Hutu oppression by a feudal Tutsi aristocracy, which became a colonial elite in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Attempts to institute European democracy, between 1959 and 1961 in Rwanda, and in 1993 in Burundi, turned the existing social order upside down, giving electoral advantage to the Hutu majorities, which the Tutsi minorities refused to accept. War, genocide and massacres ensued and both nations, neither of which is yet 100 years old, are commonly described as tinderboxes awaiting a match.

Rwanda’s President Paul Kagame is a Tutsi, Burundi’s President Pierre Nkurunziza a Hutu. Despite past alliances of convenience, they are now antagonists. In 1993, Burundi’s Tutsi military elite assassinated that country’s first democratically elected president, Hutu Melchior Ndadaye, triggering genocidal massacres of both ethnicities in Burundi and escalating fears of the same – which did indeed follow – in Rwanda.

In 1994, near the end of a four year war of aggression, Kagame ordered the assassination of both Rwanda and Burundi’s Hutu presidents by shooting their plane out of the sky on April 6, 1994, and then launched a carefully planned, U.S. backed military offensive to seize power and restore Tutsi rule in Rwanda, even as the country sank into chaos and genocidal massacres of both ethnicities.

Any conclusion that the bodies floating in the lake are victims of state execution, genocidal execution or both could be incendiary within the two countries and/or between them. That incendiary potential has been manipulated by both foreign and domestic elites, who are no doubt following this story closely, and most likely attempting to control its outcomes.

These bound and bagged bodies certainly have the look of state execution, genocidal or not, and the simple conclusion that they were state executions has incendiary potential in itself. Rwandan President Paul Kagame arrested three of his own top military officers last week, as resistance continued to rise within his own Tutsi elite.

imirambo

Rwandan or Burundian bodies?

Burundian official Jean Berchmans Mpabansi told the BBC that, ‘‘The victims are not Burundian citizens because the bodies are coming from Akagera River flowing from Rwanda.”

The Voice of Burundi reported, translated here from the French: “In recent days corpses wrapped in plastic bags are found floating on Lake Rweru on the border between Burundi and Rwanda in Muyinga Province.

“More than 40 bodies floating in the Rweru Lake town of Giteranyi have been seen and counted since the month of July by the fishermen, as confirmed by the local administration and police. This week, these fishermen, accompanied by a unit of the Navy, saw two bodies on the mouth of the Akagera.”

Rwandan Police said that no one has been reported missing in Rwanda, and Burundian Police said the same about Burundi. Both claims are unlikely because the national police of any country of 10 or 11 million people is sure to have a list of missing persons at any given time.

It’s particularly unlikely in the case of Rwanda, because on May 16, Human Rights Watch reported that “an increasing number of Rwandans have been forcibly disappeared or reported missing” and that some were known to have been forcibly disappeared by Rwanda’s army, the Rwandan Defense Force. HRW detailed 14 cases of missing persons.

In mid-July HRW spoke to the anniversary of the murder of Gustave Makonene, coordinator of Transparency International Rwanda’s Advocacy and Legal Advice Center in Rubavu, Rwanda:

“The details of Gustave Makonene’s death are gruesome. His body was found outside the lakeside town of Rubavu, in northwestern Rwanda, on July 18, 2013. The police medical report indicated he was strangled. Local residents who saw his body gave Human Rights Watch more graphic detail. They believed his body may have been thrown from a car on a road above the lake and ended up twisted around a large tree, which had blocked its fall into the water.“

There have been neither investigations nor charges. Another HRW essayist asked, “Why is the whole world still silent on the murder of Rwandan activist Makonene?” On August 1 Transparency International issued a press release saying that the staff of all five of their Rwandan offices are in danger.

President Paul Kagame’s plausibility problem

Rwandan President Paul Kagame has never been noted for plausible or consistent explanation. After 18 years of Rwandan invasion, occupation, assassination and resource plunder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, all copiously documented, he continues to tell Western television audiences that he cannot be held responsible for the problems of Congo, that Congo’s problems began with colonialism long before his birth.

And, of course, he continues to say that his destiny is to save and forever protect the Rwandan people from genocide, because, as he tells the story over and over, the world abandoned Rwanda in 1994. It’s a matter of record that Kagame himself threatened to fire on U.N. troops if they attempted to intervene in Rwanda in 1994, but that’s never been of concern to corporate broadcast anchors. Neither has Kagame’s U.S-backed invasion of Rwanda, commanding a detachment of the Ugandan army in October 1990. Nor has the four year war that those Ugandan troops waged in Rwanda between October 1990 and July 1994. Nor has the active intervention of the Clinton Administration to prevent the UN from intervening in Rwanda in 1994.

The story of four years of war and mass killing in Rwanda has instead been shortened and simplified into a 100-day morality play about genocide ending with “Never again!”  And, Kagame has been allowed to trump all evidence and reason by playing the genocide card for so long that he feels in no way compelled to offer a plausible or consistent explanation of anything.

Nearly 50,000 people reported missing in Rwanda this year

Although Rwandan officials denied, on August 26th, that anyone is missing, the government has, on other days, acknowledged that nearly 50,000 people have disappeared this year. The government says they’re missing, but dissident Rwandan refugees and exiles say they’re dead – and that they are Hutu victims of Kagame’s slow, silent, systematic Hutu genocide – genocide by exclusion, poverty, starvation, sterilization and execution.

Rwandans whom the government acknowledges are missing include 16,000 Hutu villagers from the country’s northwestern Ngororero District. Rwandan Interior Minister James Musoni acknowledged, in the country’s Kinyarwanda language, that these villagers are missing but said that the government has no idea where they’ve gone and fears they may have crossed Rwanda’s border with DR Congo to join the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR).

Rwandan refugee Ambrose Nzeyimana translated the English into Kinyarwanda and posted “Kigali acknowledges the disappearance of 16,000 of its citizens” to his British-based blog, The Rising Continent. Rwandans in exile write that these people have been massacred by the Kagame regimeas part of its program to slowly, quietly, and systematically eliminate the Hutu population. Their belief is based on their own experience, their contact with extended family in Rwanda, and their attention to the Kinyarwanda press.

Rwandan prison authorities acknowledge that 30,000 Hutu prisoners sentenced to “community service” (hard labor) have also disappeared, Rwandan exiles, again, write that they’ve been executed by Kagame’s genocidal government.

It’s difficult to imagine how a government with one of the best trained, best equipped African military and security forces, including local forces everywhere, in one of the most tightly controlled, dictatorial regimes in the world, could lose track of 30,000 state prisoners. However, the government, again, and the Ibuka Tutsi survivors’ group, claim to fear that these people may have escaped across the border to join the FDLR in DR Congo, where they now constitute a threat to genocide survivors.

As with so much in Rwanda, including the history of the 1990-1994 war and genocide, there is a Tutsi version of the truth and a Hutu version, but the Tutsi version is legally enforced and championed worldwide by rich and powerful people, including Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Rev. Rick Warren and Howard Buffett. Despite wholesale de facto discimination against Hutu people, they join Kagame in proclaiming that truth and reconciliation have been achieved in Rwanda, and ethnicity is no longer important.

Prisoners incinerated?

More Rwandan Hutu prisoners may have perished in a fire on June 5, 2014, in Rwanda’s largest prison, Muhanga Central Prison in Gitarama, and then in a second prison fire at Nyakiriba Prison in Rubavu (Gisenyi) on July 7.

Rwandan exiles write that prisoners in both Muhanga Central Prison and Nyakiriba Prison were intentionally incinerated in their cells, once again as part of a slow, silent, systematic Hutu genocide.

Is it likely that two, geographically distant Rwandan prisons would be destroyed or badly damaged by fire in barely more than one month? All we know is what Rwandan authorities say, and all they say is that there were two prison fires but no prisoners died.

Muhanga Prison, formerly known as Gitarama Central Prison, was known to be one of the most hellish prisons on earth. In 1995, a London Independent headline about it read, “Hutus held in ‘worst prison in world’: 7,000 suspects of Rwanda massacre are kept in jail built for 400.“

On June 6, the International Red Cross reported that “the accommodations” of 3,500 prisoners went up in flames in Gitarama but that the Rwandan government said no prisoners were in their cells at the time.

Hard evidence?

There will be no hard evidence of the truth behind any of these missing persons reports, except perhaps those few filed by Human Rights Watch, unless the U.N. Security Council deems the situation in Rwanda so dangerous to international security and stability that an independent U.N. investigative team must be allowed in, as when U.N. investigator Hans Blix’s team was allowed into Iraq before the 2003 U.S./U.K. invasion.

Of course, the U.S. and U.K. ignored Blix’s conclusion that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, as the U.S. and allied states will ignore any evidence counter to the security interests now defined by their executive corporate, military and foreign policy elites, not by popular democracy.

However, that’s no reason not to call for investigation. It’s better that Hans Blix’s team was allowed into Iraq than not, for the sake of history and global consciousness, and we can continue to work for just outcomes. Independent U.N. investigations should be undertaken, post haste, into each instance of individual and mass disappearances in Rwanda, and into why bound, bagged bodies were found floating in Lake Rweru between the shores of Rwanda and Burundi.

Why has the U.S. renewed support for Kagame’s Rwanda?

Why did the U.S. renew its political and military support of Rwandan President Paul Kagame’s dictatorship at the U.S.-Africa Summit? Why is the U.S. threatening the Hutu refugees organized as the FDLR with military action if they refuse to disarm and surrender unconditionally?

The FDLR may be armed in self-defense, but Special Envoy to the Great Lakes Region Russ Feingold has acknowledged that they pose no credible threat to Rwanda. The majority of Rwandan Hutu refugees in eastern Congo are simply that – refugees – who dare not return to Rwanda for fear of having their names added to these long lists of missing persons that the Rwandan government says it’s unable to explain.

Rwandan opposition leaders, Hutu and Tutsi alike, and Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete have all called upon the Rwandan government to negotiate with the FDLR for safe repatriation to a Rwanda in which they will not be a de facto Hutu underclass threatened with elimination. ,

On January 4th, former Rwandan General Kayumba Nyamwasa told KPFA: “I understand the guiltiness that maybe some could be feeling about their failure to stop the genocide. But you don’t support somebody who’s in the process of creating another genocide. And I think they should be able to examine their consciences, look at what is happening in Rwanda, and see exactly what is taking place.”

Many Rwandan Hutus, refugees and exiles believe that if the regime now headed by Paul Kagame remains in power for another 50 years, there will be no Hutu people left in Rwanda.

Oakland writer Ann Garrison writes for the San Francisco Bay View, Counterpunch, Global Research, Colored Opinions, Black Agenda Report, and Black Star News, and produces radio news and features for Pacifica’s WBAI-NYC, KPFA-Berkeley and her own YouTube Channel. She can be reached at anniegarrison@gmail.com. If you want to see Ann Garrison’s independent reporting continue, please contribute on her website, anngarrison.com.

Source: Globalresearch

 

Ese bariya bantu bose bazize ko nabo bashatse kwica Habyarimana akarusimbuka hamana ?

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Bamwe mu ba camarades du V Juillet

Tumaze iminsi dusoma ibijyanye n’amateka yaranze u rwanda, cyane cyane chapitre ya coup d’etat yo muri 1973. iyi coup d’etat niyo yabaye nyirabayazana w’inzika zabaye hagati y’abiswe abanyenduga n’abiswe abakiga. Nyuma yayo, ibyiza by’igihugu byinshi byikubiwe n’abantu bakomokaga mu turere twa Gisenyi na Ruhengeri cyangwa rimwe na rimwe Byumba. ibi byatumye mu by’ukuri abanyarwanda batumva ko bafite uruhare rungana ku gihugu ku buryo byagize ingaruka mu gihe cy’intambara yatangijwe n’Inkotanyi mu kwezi kwa 10 umwaka wa 1990.

Byageze aho abanyenduga bamwe bumva ko urugamba rugomba kurwanwa n’abakiga ngo kuko ari bo bari bafite ibyo barwanira! Abasirikare bamwe batorokaga urugamba bakisangira Inkotanyi mu gihe abenshi mu bakiga bo bumvaga koko igihugu bagomba kukitangira kugeza kuwa nyuma. Muri politiki abanyenduga cg abiswe abanyenduga nibo babaye aba mbere mu gushinga amashyaka arwanya leta ndetse afatanya na FPR mu gushegesha Habyarimana. Twagiramungu Faustin yabyukije MDR (ariko iza ari pirate), Mugenzi Justin afatanyije na Lando bashinga PL, PSD nta we utari uyizi ko yari igizwe n’abanyabutare benshi,  Nayinzira Jean Nepomuscene ni we munyagisenyi wenyine washinze ishyaka rirwanya leta.

Nyuma yaho gatoya ikibazo cyaje gusa n’aho ari abahutu barwana n’abatutsi ariko byari byaratinze, FPR imaze kwemerwa no gushyigikirwa.

Kudasesengura iki kibazo bishobora gutuma dupfobya amasomo akubiyemo maze ejo bundi hagira urundi rugamba ruba ngombwa ugasanga abantu bakomeje ibyo byumviro. Ntawe ushobora gukira igisebe atavuye! 

Ubwanditsi.

 

Basomyi namwe bakunzi b’urubuga leprophete.fr, “mungaye guhera, ntimugaye gutinda”. Iki gice cya 6 cy’iyi nyandiko kije gitinzeho gato kubera impamvu 2. Iyambere ni uko nagize akazi kenshi. Iya 2 ni uko iyo nibukaga uburyo aba bantu bishwe, nahindurwaga, nafata ikaramu ngo mbyandike, ikiganza kigatitira, ikaramu ikitura hasi. Ubu ariko ndumva akanyabugabo kagarutse. Reka dukomeze.

Ubushize twarangirije igice cya 5 cy’iyi nyandiko ku buhamya bwa Suliyetona Viateur Nzaramba. Le 3 Nyakanga 1973 yari avuye i Kigali, yisubiriye iyo yari yaraciriwe mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda. Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda na Kapiteni André Bizimana bari bamaze kumukurira inzira ku murima bamubuza kugira icyo we hamwe n’abandi bakora ngo baburizemo kudeta babonaga iri gutegurwa na Habyarimana, Kanyarengwe, Lizinde n’abandi. Yanyuze i Kanombe gusezera kuri Liyetona Apollinaire Bikorimana. Apollinaire yaramubwiye ati : “Nutaza, ba Kanyarengwe barakora kudeta kandi nyamara na Habyarimana  abirimo”.

Le 4 Nyakanga 1973 perezida Grégoire Kayibanda yiriwe ashaka ministiri we w’Ingabo, akaba n’umugaba wazo, ari we Jenerali Majoro Juvénal Habyarimana ; aramubura. Yari yagiye he ? Ubundi  umuntu wari mu rwego rw’ubutegetsi nk’urwa Habyarimana ntiyashoboraga kurenga ibilometero 30 uva i Kigali, atabifitiye uruhushya rw’umukuriye (nk’uko basigaye bavuga mu kinyarwanda cy’ubu). Uwari ukuriye Habyarimana yari Kayibanda ubwe. Aho yaba yari yagiye hose rero, nta ruhushya yari afite. Iyo bitaba ibyo, Kayibanda ntiyari kwirirwa amushaka. Habyarimana ubwe yavugaga ko yari yagiye gutegura ubukwe bwa murumuna we, Dogiteri Séraphin Bararengana. Ibyo abantu benshi barabikemanga kubera impavu 2 : Bararengana yari mukuru bihagije ku buryo nawe yashoboraga kwitegurira ubukwe bwe. Impamvu ya 2 ni uko umusaza Ntibazirikana, se wa Habyarimana, yari arwariye i Kigali, rwose ari hafi kuvamo umwuka. Ntiyatinze no kwitahira hashize iminsi mike nyuma ya kudeta y’umuhungu we. Ku mugoroba wa joro icyakora, Habyarimana yaje kujya kwa Kayibanda. Ntagushidikanya ko Kayibanda yamukabukiye kubera izo mpamvu zose, anamubaza ukuntu we, ufite mu nshingano ze umutekano w’igihugu n’uburyo bwose igihugu cyamuhaye cyo kuwubungabunga, ntacyo akora kugirango ahoshe umwuka mubi n’ibihuha byavugwaga kandi bikandikwa mu bipapuro bya taragiti (tracts) i Kigali. Agomba kuba yaranamubajije niba hari icyo azi ku bya kudeta byariho bihwihwiswa.

Icyakora Habyarimana yinjira anasohoka kwa Kayibanda, ntawigeze amuhutaza, ntawamurashe ngo amuhushe, yewe nta n’uwigeze amutunga urutoki. Kugeza uwo munsi Habyarimana yarajijishaga, ahisha ko ari mu mugambi wo guhirika Kayibanda ; ariko nyuma y’icyo kiganiro bagiranye, yabonye ko Kayibanda yatangiye kubinuganuga, ni uko na we  aherako yihutisha ibintu.

Abashoboraga kumubangamira kuri uwo munota wa nyuma ni ba nde ? Ni abasirikari bo mu gipolisi bwite cy’Ingabo (police militaire) bari barinze iryo joro kwa Kayibanda. Ni nde wari ubakuriye, ari na we wari wacaguye abariyo muri iryo joro ? Ni Kapiteni Charles Uwihoreye. Harabyarimana yaragiye abwira Uwihoreye ati “nari ndasiwe kwa Kayibanda, kubera iyo mpamvu ngombe ngire icyo nkora”. Uwihoreye byamubujije amahoro, ajya kubaza abari barinze kwa Kayibanda uko byagenze, bamubwira ko Habyarimana avuye aho, ko nta n’uwamutunze urutoki, ko ahubwo bamuhaye amasaluti gusa. Icyakora Uwihoreye yasize ababwiye ati : “Ntimushyamirane n’abasirikari Habyarimana agiye kohereza hano, mubihorere”. Uwihoreye yasubiye mu kigo cya gisirikari cya Kigali. Ntiyashoboraga kugisha Habyarimana impaka, ahubwo yamubwiye ko asanze Kayibanda acyicaye muri salo, hari ibintu ari kwandika. Ibyakurikiyeho (kuri perezida Grégoire Kayibanda) twabibonye mu gice cya 3 cy’iyi nyandiko.

Abandi se bo byabagendekeye bite ?

Ifatwa ryabo ryabaye mu byiciro 2. Bamwe bafashwe mu cyumweru cyakurikiye kudeta, abandi batoraguwe mu mezi yakurikiyeho. Ntawarondora ifatwa rya buri wese ngo azarangize. Reka tuvuge gusa irya Kapiteni André Bizimana. Yari atuye imbere y’ishuri ry’Ababiligi (École belge). Bamutumye Guillaume Mbonigaba umusuzofisiye (sous-officier) w’umukanishi akaba yari na mukuru wa Majoro Rwendeye. Yarakomanze, baramukingurira, abwira Bizimana ko Habyarimana yifuza kubonana na we kuri Etat-Major. Bizimana yasubiye mu nzu, yambara neza, afata ikaramu n’impapuro, araza. Yashatse gufata imodoka ye bwite, Guillaume ati “ese waje tukajyana muri iriya jipe nazanye ?” Undi yabyemeranye umutima mwiza. Yaba umuntu waraye ahushije Habyarimana, ntaba yaremeye. Yarabutswe ijipe igeze kuri Nyabugogo, abaza niba uwo ari wo muhanda ujya kuri Etat-Major, bamushyiramo amapingo, bamujyana muri gereza yo mu Ruhengeri. Ni ho benshi bafungiwe, abandi bajyanwa muri gereza ya Gisenyi.

Iyicwa ryabo

Twibutse ko muri Gashyantare 1974 hari urukiko rwa gisirikari rwatangiye kubaburanisha. Rwahagaritse imirimo yarwo mu cyi ry’uwo mwaka rutababuranishije bose. Umunani muri bo rwari rwarakatiye urwo gupfa, barimo na perezida Grégoire Kayibanda, bari bamaze gukomorerwa, bahawe igihano cyo gufungwa burundu.  Ni iki cyatumye urukiko ruhagarika imirimo yarwo ? Ntawashidikanya rwose ko ubwo icyemezo cyari kimaze gufatwa ko bagomba gutangira kwicwa, niba bitari byaratangiye kera. Abishi babo bakaba baratinyaga ko urukiko rwajya ruhamagaza imfungwa iyi n’iyi rwibwira ko ikiriho, ngo ize iburane, ikabura, ubwo bikaba bibaye akabona bose ko uwo muntu yapfuye. Uwari waraguye mu bitaro bya Ruhengeri ku buryo buzwi (officiellement) yari Jean Gakire wari umunyamabanga mukuru (secrétaire général) muri ministeri y’ububanyi n’amahanga. Gakire yapfuye perefegitura ya Ruhengeri ikiyobowe na Pierre-Célestin Kabanda, atarasimburwa na Protais Zigiranyirazo wagize uruhare rukomeye mu iyicwa rya ziriya nzirakarengane nk’uko turi buze kubibona mu kanya.

Ubugome bwinshi

Nk’uko n’undi wese yabigenza, binubiye uburyo bari bafunzwemo : muri za Kamironko, ni ukuvuga muri kasho zitageramo urumuri, harimo imbeba, imbaragasa, ibiheri n’utundi dusimba. Binubiye kandi ko bagaburirwaga nabi. Abanzi babo bati “reka n’ibyo twabagaburiraga tubikureho, hanyuma mwicwe n’inzara n’inyota”. Ni uko byagenze. Muri bo hari umwe gusa w’igitsina gore, umwari (Mademoiselle) Agnès Kabarenzi, mushiki wa Kapitene André Bizimana. Ni we wamaze igihe kirekire kurusha abandi muri ayo magomerane, kuko yamaze amezi 2 yose atarya atanywa, hanyuma umutima we ugahagarara.  Abandi babonaga bagiye gupfa, bakabavana mu munyururu, bakajya kubica babakubise inyundo mu mutwe, ugize imana bakamurasa, abandi bakabahamba ari bazima. Mu bagize amahirwe yo kuraswa, hari abajugunywe mu rwobo rwa Bayanga mu Bugesera. Ibi bisa n’ibyabaye kuri perezida Grégoire Kayibanda ubwe nk’uko twabibonye mu gice cya 3 cy’iyi nyandiko. Hasigaye amezi 2 ngo bamunige, Sagatwa yatangiye kumwicisha inzara. Icyakora ngo “ntabapfira gushira”, Bwana Tharcisse Ndindiri wari umushoferi wa Kayibanda yafunguwe ari muzima, ariko uburyo yari ameze nabi bwatumye abamubonye bose bahebura ku birebana b’abari barafunganywe na we.

Ntakuntu bitari kumenyekana

Abicanyi babigizemo uruhare ni benshi cyane ku buryo kubika ibanga bitari gushoboka. Dore urutonde rwabo  rw’agateganyo :

·         Umukuru (Habyarimana) wavugaga “uramukiwe cyangwa abaramukiwe kwicwa”.

·         Umugaba wungirije w’Ingabo z’igihugu (Koloneli Serubuga).

·         Ministiri w’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu (Koloneli Kanyarengwe).

·         Uwategekaga urukiko rwa gisirikari rwari rumaze kuvanwaho (Majoro Ntibitura).

·         Umukuru w’urwego rukuru rw’iperereza (Komanda Lizinde).

·         Ushinzwe iperereza rya gisilikari muri Etat-major G2 (Kapitene BEM Simon Habyarimana).

·         Umukuru w’ingabo mu Ruhengeri (Kapiteni Stanislas Biseruka)

·         Umukuru w’ingabo ku Gisenyi (Kapiteni Matthias Havugwintore)

·         Perefe wa Ruhengeri (Bwana Protais Zigiranyirazo)

·         Perefe wa Gisenyi

·         Umuyobozi wa gereza ya Ruhengeri

·         Umuyobozi wa gereza ya Gisenyi

·         Abicanyi bapakizaga abagomba kwicwa mu mamodoka babajyana aho bagomba kwicirwa

(Butsitsi, Burasa, n’abandi)

Kuri abo bose hiyongeraho ababibonye cyangwa ababimenye bibagwiririye rwose batanabyifuzaga. Abo ni nka Dogiteri Cyprien Hakizimana wagombaga gusinya ibyemezo by’urupfu bivuga ko buri wese mu bishwe yapfuye ku buryo busanzwe (mort naturelle) azize indwara,  Kapiteni Rwabakika, liyetona Alphonse Baliyanga wategekaga abasirikari barindaga umukuru w’igihugu, Kapiteni Munyengango wayoboraga ikigo cya gisirikari cya Bugesera (yahurujwe n’abaturage bavuga ko babonye imirambo y’abantu batazwi ireremba hejuru y’amazi y’urwobo rwa Bayanga) ; abaturage babonaga ibyobo rusange bicukurwa bikajugunywamo imirambo y’abantu cyangwa se abantu bakiri bazima, n’abandi benshi.

Bamwe mu bicanyi byarabahungabanije. Kubivuga ni kimwe mu byabafashaga kumva nibura umutimanama wabo ugize amahoro ho gatoya. Abandi barabyigambye, ahari kuberako bibwiraga ko n’ubwo byamenyekana, ntacyo byabatwara. Mu bo byahungabanije harimo Komanda François Burasa. Mu w’1977 yarahungabanye cyane, biba ngombwa ko ajya mu bitaro by’abarwaye mu mutwe i Ndera. Bananiwe kumuvura, bamwohereza mu Bubiligi. Abaganga bo mu Bubiligi bamugiriye inama ko kugirango akire agomba kujya avuga iyo yumva bimuremereye. Ni bwo rero atangiye kujya abwira abaje kumusura bose ukuntu Habyarimana, Zigiranyirazo, Serubuga na Lizinde ari abantu babi, kubera ko bamutumye kwica abantu, bikamutera kurwara ; bo bakaba bigaramiye, ntacyo babaye. Yahereyeko agarurwa mu Rwanda daridari, asezererwa mu gisirikari, ajya kuba iwabo ku isambu. Amaze koroherwa, yagiye kwikorera ku giti cye.

Mu babyigambye twavuga nka Butsitsi, ndetse n’umukuru w’igihugu ubwe Jenerali Majoro Juvénal Habyarimana. Mu w’1979 yasabye Dogiteri Donat Murego kujya Addis-Abeba muri Etiyiopia kuba umunyabanga mukuru wungirije w’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika (OUA). Murego yaranze. Habyarimana asaba Dogiteri Sylvestre Nsanzimana wayoboraga kaminuza y’u Rwanda i Butare kuba ari we ujyayo. Nsanzimana yaremeye, Habyarimana amubaza niba hari icyamubuzaga guherako agenda. Nsanzimana yaravuze ati “ntacyo usibye ko njye n’umuryango wanjye wose, hashize imyaka 6 nta gakuru ka muramu wanjye Gaspard Harerimana tuzi”. Habyarimana yaramusubije ngo “bambwiye ko yapfuye. Hari ikindi kikubuza kugenda ?” Nsanzimana ati “ntacyo”.

Izindi mpamvu zatumye ubu bwicanyi bumenyekana ni uko ab’ingenzi mu babigizemo uruhare basubiranyemo. Mu w’1980 Kanyarengwe, Lizinde, Biseruka n’abandi bagerageje gukora kudeta ngo bahirike Habyarimana. Lizinde yarafunzwe kubera iyo mpamvu, Habyarimana aboneraho akanya ko kumugerekaho n’icyaha cyo kuba yarishe we wenyine abari barafunzwe nyuma ya kudeta yo ku wa 5 Nyakanga 1973. Lizinde nawe ariko yasize inyandiko ndende (mémorandum) yitwa  “Des massacres cycliques au Rwanda et de la politique du bouc émissaire (Ubwicanyi bwakomeje kugenda bugarukirana mu Rwanda na politiki yo kugereka ibyaha ku bandi” yo ku 23 Gicurasi 1991. Muri iyo nyandiko Lizinde ashyira imfu z’aba bantu bose ku mutwe wa Habyarimana. Mu by’ukuri bombi babigizemo uruhare rukomeye cyane, umwe ari gatozi, undi ari icyitso, cyangwa bombi ari gatozi.

Indi mpamvu yatumaga ubu bwicanyi bwaragombaga kumenyekana byanze bikunze ni uko bamwe mu bayobozi ba kiliziya gatolika mu Rwanda, cyane cyane Musenyeri André Perraudin, bakomezaga kubaza amakuru y’izo mfungwa ariko badashakuje. Naho nka padiri Jean Marie Vianney Rusingizandekwe we yateraga hejuru rwose. Hari kandi n’imiryango mpuzamahanga nka “Amnesty International” nayo yakomezaga kubaririza.

Akaga k’imiryango (abagore n’abana) b’abishwe

Mu gihe abagabo bari bafunze bari no kwicwa uruhongohongo, imiryango yabo nayo yari ifungishijwe ijisho muri komini buri wese yavukagamo. Imitungo yabo, ari iyimukanwa n’itimukanwa, yariho ibohozwa ku buryo buteye isoni na bamwe mu bari bafite agatuza ku ngoma ya Habyarimana. Abari bafungishijwe ijisho nta burenganzira bari bafite bwo kurenga komini batuyemo batabanje kubona uruhushya rwa perefe wa perfegitura, kabone n’ubwo babaga bagomba kujya kwivuza. Inshuti zatinyukaga kujya kubasura zari nke cyane. N’ubusanzwe bakekaga ko ababo bishwe, icyakora bahebuye ruhenu mu w’1980, ubwo babimenyaga ku buryo budashikanywa binyuze mu nzira twavuze mu kanya.

Impozamarira

Leta ya Habyarimana yaje “kwibuka ibitereko yasheshe”. Mu rwego rwo kwivana mu isoni, yahaye impozamarira abapfakazi n’imfubyi z’abo yari yaramaze kwica. Ariko uburyo byakozwemo nabwo buteye agahinda. Mbere y’uko urubanza rwa 2 rwa Lizinde rutangira, urwo yaregwagamo kuba yarishe bariya bantu, abakozi bo mu kigo cy’iperereza bazaga nijoro, bagatwara abapfakazi, bakabajyana aho icyo kigo gikorera i Kigali,  bagategekwa kuvuga imyirondoro yabo n’iy’imfubyi bareraga. Ubwo bakongera bakabagarura iwabo muri iyo joro.

Rimwe rero baraje barabatoragura bose, babajyana i Gitarama kuri perefegitura. Icyo gihe perefe yari James Kabera. Bahasanze perefe nyine, umuhesha (procureur) Déogratias Kayibanda na Augustin Nduwayezu wategekaga urwego rukuru rw’iperereza mu Rwanda (Service central de renseignement – CSR). Uyu Augustin Nduwayezu yabwiraga buri mupfakazi ngo “Umukuru w’igihugu, Nyakubahwa Jenerali Majoro Juvénal Habyarimana, yababajwe cyane no kumenya ko umugome Lizinde yishe umugabo wawe, ukaba usigaye uri wenyine kandi ufite n’imfubyi ugomba kurera. Akaba yantumye  rero ngo nkubwire ngo “ukomere”, ngo ngushyikirize n’iyi mpozamarira ngomba”. Ubwo buri mupfakazi yahabwaga ibahasha ifunze. Nta burenganzira yabaga afite bwo guherako ayifungura, ahubwo yaheragako ategekwa gusinya cyangwa gutera igikumwe ku rupapuro rwanditseho ngo “Amafaranga y’impozamarira, kubera umugabo wanjye / umubyeyi wanjye, waguye mu buroko yishwe na Lizinde”. Nta kopi y’iyo nyandiko bahabwaga, ahubwo buri wese yaheragako asohoka. Bageraga hanze, bagafungura iyo bahasha, bagasanga buri wese yagiye ahabwa  miliyoni imwe y’amafaranga y’amanyarwanda ku mugabo we, n’andi ibihumbi ijana kuri buri mfubyi. Hari uwagirango ayo mafaranga ni make, kuko mu by’ukuri ari amadolari y’amanyamerika y’ubu 1.800 ku mugabo, n’180 kuri buri mfubyi. Gusa muri icyo gihe, inkiko zo mu Rwanda ntawe zari zarigeze ziha amafaranga agera kuri miliyoni mu rwego rw’impozamarira, binyuze mu rubanza ! Nanone nyine si menshi urebye agaciro k’umuntu.  Aho abamaze kuyahabwa bari bateraniye ariko, ku mbuga y’ibiro bya perefe, hari abakozi benshi bo mu rwego rw’iperereza bababuzaga kuganira kandi bari bamaze imyaka irenga 10 batabonana. Ngo Umuryango wa perezida Grégoire Kayibanda wo waba utarahawe iyo mpozamarira, kuko Kayibanda na Verediyana bo batari bafungiye mu Ruhengeri cyangwa ku Gisenyi (!),bityo bakaba batarishwe na Lizinde,  ahubwo bikaba byaremejwe ko bo bazize urw’ikirago.

“Ngibyo, nguko”,  wa mugani wa ya mvugo ya kinyarwanda. Buri wese abitekerezeho icyo ashaka. Igice cya 7 cy’iyi nyandiko, ari na cyo cya nyuma, kizaba ari umwanzuro.

 

BIRACYAZA…..

 

Jean de Dieu Musemakweli

Apartheid of another kind sustained by the US in Rwanda

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Protest against Paul Kagame - Madrid - July 2010

 

“Based on the recent change of Rwandan Genocide’s name to Genocide against Tutsis, this emphasizes that the International Community (UN) behavior towards Rwanda is very crooked and corrupted by President Kagame’s regime. This is absolutely senseless. The 1994 Rwandan genocide recorded victims to be more than 800,000. These victims were not Tutsis only; the majority of them were Hutus and Twas, therefore to rename it as if it was against Tutsis only, this is to discriminate Hutus and Twas victims of that genocide. This is too foolish that the world is writing wrong history. This is the product of impunity because the RPF after 1994 continued a genocide against Hutus and Congolese people until now and the perpetrators were never brought to book ; instead they continue to commit atrocities against Hutus”.

 

The following is an extract from a long article initially published by Global Research News. It is authored by The Rwanda Youth for Leadership and Change Initiative. The piece points out the state of discrimination against Hutus and their oppression in Rwanda despite president Kagame claiming reconciliation and economic progress. And sad is the reality that US and UK continue sustaining the regime unconditionally like at the time of South African apartheid when the two countries persisted doing business with Pretoria until the wind of change became irreversible. Rwandans, Africans and the rest of the world need to stand strongly firm against Kagame’s apartheid in Rwanda, because not only does it affect the lives of more than 90% of Rwandans, but because it also jeopardize regional peace. More than 8 millions, particularly in Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda have died since his movement unleashed its hordes of terror all other the Great Lakes area since 1st October 1990 up to now.

 

The Rwanda Youth for Leadership and Change Initiative (RY4LCI) strongly condemns the United States of America (USA) for its inconsistent and fallacious behavior opposing the long-lasting pacification of the Great Lakes Region of Africa by SADC (Southern African Countries Development Community) initiative and FDLR (Democratic Forces for Liberation of Rwanda) bravery to peacefully finding solutions through negotiations with Rwandan dictatorial regime led by war criminal and genocidaire President Paul Kagame.

Following the recent speech of President Obama’s special envoy to central Africa Russell Feingold at the USA president’s summit with African leaders in Washington; “We have to get rid of the FDLR, not so much because of their military capacity, but because of what they represent and the destabilizing effect that they have with regard to relations with Rwanda. That is our top priority,” he said. “I’ve been involved with efforts to communicate to them that it’s time for them to surrender. That they will be attacked militarily if they don’t. That there will be no political dialogue,” he also added.

The latter utterances show that the USA is undermining the values of democracy, freedom and peace in Africa as well as worldwide by supporting the malicious ideas and acts of dictatorship in Africa where it denies political dialogue between FDLR and Kigali dictatorial regime of president Paul Kagame. It appears bizarre for the USA which urged Democratic Republic of Congo to have political talks with the defeated M23 rebels who were fully supported by Rwanda and Uganda, and now it denies the political dialogue between Rwanda and FDLR for regional pacification.

This is a shame on the USA to intimidate the FDLR by continuing to help the Rwandan regime to exterminate these Hutus refugees, survivors of Rwanda RPF (Rwanda Patriotic Front) regime massacres in its systematic extermination of Hutu ethnic group people. These are abandoned refugees by international community in the forests of Democratic Republic Congo and when they found they were to be completely exterminated by the RPF army, they formed FDLR (Democratic Forces for Liberation of Rwanda) a politico-military party in order to protect themselves against these RPF systematic and sponsored massacres against Hutus, and also to find how to help to return these refugees in their home country with dignity.

FDLR does not advocate for only these refugees hunted by Tutsis RPF regime in the forests of DR Congo for over two decades but also for other Hutus refugees scattered in African countries like the Central African Republic, Congo Brazaville, Zambia, Malawi, Uganda, Mozambique, Zimbabwe… as well as worldwide in general. These refugees are living in plight conditions with no international aid for basic subsistence, health or education. They are abandoned and everyone knows that the Rwandan regime has extensively propagandized that these Hutus are genocidaires and that they don’t deserve any international help. Instead they must return in Rwanda to be tortured, oppressed, imprisoned and killed.

It is a shame on the International community to have abandoned Rwandans and partnered with the dictatorial regime of President Kagame, hence helping him to make Rwanda increasingly divisive, oppressive, bloodstained and totalitarian than any other regime in its history.
For over the last 20 years, the UN and different human rights organizations have released many documented reports on how the President Kagame’s regime has committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes of genocide against Hutus inside and outside Rwanda, and against Congolese where more than 6 million people perished. Those reports were half released, hidden, thrown in the cupboards of UN Offices or probably suppressed because the current regime in Rwanda is backed by USA and UK who are allied Kagame clique’s system instead of partnering Rwandans which is in contrary to what USA president Obama preaches where he said that “Africa does not need strong men, it needs strong institutions”.

Based on the recent change of Rwandan Genocide’s name to Genocide against Tutsis, this emphasizes that the International Community (UN) behavior towards Rwanda is very crooked and corrupted by President Kagame’s regime. This is absolutely senseless. The 1994 Rwandan genocide recorded victims to be more than 800,000. These victims were not Tutsis only; the majority of them were Hutus and Twas, therefore to rename it as if it was against Tutsis only, this is to discriminate Hutus and Twas victims of that genocide. This is too foolish that the world is writing wrong history. This is the product of impunity because the RPF after 1994 continued a genocide against Hutus and Congolese people until now and the perpetrators were never brought to book ; instead they continue to commit atrocities against Hutus.

To read the full article, please click HERE.

source: http://therisingcontinent.wordpress.com/2014/08/25/apartheid-of-another-kind-sustained-by-us-in-rwanda-of-kagame/

African States: Reject Immunity for Leaders

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By Human Right Watch

141 Groups in 40 Countries Speak Out

Kenneth Roth, Director of Human Rights Watch

“The immunity provision is a regrettable departure from the AU’s Constitutive Act, which rejects impunity under article 4. Immunity takes away the prospect that victims can access justice at the African court when leaders commit atrocities. African states should take a clear stand opposing this immunity.”
George Kegoro, executive director of the International Commission of Jurists-Kenya
(Johannesburg) – African countries should reject immunity for sitting leaders for grave crimes before the African Court for Justice and Human Rights, 141 organizations said today in a declaration in advance of an African Union meeting in Nairobi. The organizations include both African groups and international groups and have a presence in 40 African countries.

The African Union (AU) Office of the Legal Counsel is convening a meeting in Nairobi on August 25 and 26, 2014, with government officials of AU member countries in East Africa to promote ratification of AU treaties. Discussions, which will take place at the Hilton Hotel , are expected to include a newly adopted protocol to extend the African Court’s jurisdiction to trials of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, while providing immunity for sitting leaders and other senior officials. The protocol to expand the authority of the African Court was adopted at the 23rd African Union summit, in Malabo in June.

“The immunity provision is a regrettable departure from the AU’s Constitutive Act, which rejects impunity under article 4,” said George Kegoro, executive director of the International Commission of Jurists-Kenya. “Immunity takes away the prospect that victims can access justice at the African court when leaders commit atrocities. African states should take a clear stand opposing this immunity.”

The adopted Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights is the first legal instrument to extend a regional court’s authority to criminal jurisdiction over genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The protocol also covers 11 additional crimes and notably provides for an independent defense office.

But Article 46A bis of the amendments provides immunity for sitting leaders, stating: “No charges shall be commenced or continued…against any serving African Union Head of State or Government, or anybody acting or entitled to act in such capacity, or other senior state officials based on their functions, during their tenure of office.”

The statutes of international and hybrid international-national war crimes tribunals reject exemptions on the basis of official capacity. Other international conventions, including the Convention against Torture, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and the Geneva Conventions of 1949, recognize the crucial importance of accountability for serious crimes.

“Granting immunity to sitting officials is retrogressive, and risks giving leaders license to commit crimes,” and Timothy Mtambo executive director at Malawi’s Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation. “Immunity also risks encouraging those accused of the crimes to cling to their positions to avoid facing the law.”

Some African countries like Benin, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, and South Africa rule out immunity for sitting officials for serious crimes under their national laws, the groups said.

This text of the group declaration was drafted by Malawi’s Center for Human Rights and Rehabilitation, with input from several African organizations and international organizations with a presence in Africa.

“Instead of retreating from important achievements to limit impunity, advance the rule of law, and promote respect for human rights, African governments should remain steadfast in supporting justice for victims of the worst crimes by rejecting immunity before the African Court,” said Angela Mudukuti, international criminal justice project lawyer at the Southern Africa Litigation Centre.

IMF chief Christine Lagarde “under investigation” by French court

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by Emma Haslett
 
Christine Lagarde
Christine Lagarde has been placed under “formal investigation” by a French court

International Monetary Fund chief Christine Lagarde has been put under “formal investigation” on suspicion of negligence by a French court. 

The case stems back to 2008, when Lagarde was the French finance minister, when businessman Bernard Tapie was awarded €400m to settle a commercial dispute with the government.

The court alleges the settlement was rigged because of Tapie’s support of Nicolas Sarkozy, who was president at the time. 

Lagarde has said she is innocent of the accusations that she played an “improper” role in the arbitration process.

She was questioned for 15 hours on Tuesday by the Court of Justice of the Republic. If she is found guilty of “simple negligence”, she could face a fine of up to €15,000 and a year in prison. 

A spokesperson for Lagarde emphasised she had not been charged.

Source: http://www.cityam.com/1409133206/imf-chief-christine-lagarde-under-investigation-french-court