Category Archives: News

Politiki: Mu Rwanda hariho imirongo ibiri ya Politiki, uwa Lunari n’uwa Parmehutu (Igice cya gatatu)

Leave a reply

Mu isesengura ry’ubushize twabonye uburyo kamere ya politiki ituma hafi ya hose mu bihugu haba imirongo ya politiki ibiri y’ingenzi ihanganye. Ibi biterwa n’uko abantu bashaka guhuza imbaraga, buri wese akiyunga n’abo begeranye mu bitekerezo. Kugira ngo na none abantu bishyire hamwe, bisaba ko buri wese agira icyo yigomwa. Ibyo rero bituma imyumvire yari itatanye mu ntangiriro, igenda yegerana, ikaza kwibumbira mu mirongo ibiri minini. Hari impamvu ikomeye rero ituma haba imirongo ibiri, ntihabe itatu cyangwa ine. Ni impamvu ishingiye ku mibare.Iyo abantu biyegeranya ngo baronke ingufu, buri tsinda riba riharanira kuba irya mbere. Ayo mahirwe yo kuba imbere agenda yiyongera uko amatsinda aba make, akagenda ayoyoka uko amatsinda aba menshi. Dufate urugero rw’igihugu kirimo ibyerekezo bine bya politiki: A, B, C, D. Kuko bose baba ari cyo bagendereye, buri murongo wa politiki waba ufite amahirwe angana na 25% yo gutsimbura abandi ukajya imbere. Nyamara hagize babiri muri bo bihuza, hasigara amatsinda atatu, ya mahirwe yo kuba uwa mbere akazamuka akagera kuri 33%. Hagize abandi babiri bihuza, ya mahirwe agera kuri 50%. Aha rero ni ho hari ipfundo rituma henshi haba imirongo ibiri ya politiki.

Ujya muri politiki ntabwo aba afite gusa umugambi wo kugera ku butegetsi. Aba anifuza kuburambaho igihe kinini gishoboka. Aha rero ni ho demokarasi itandukanira n’izindi nzira. Abanyagitugu bafata ubutegetsi bakanaburambaho ku ruhembe rw’umuheto. Mu bya cyami ho bubaka ingengabitekerezo ko ngo nta wundi wayobora usibye abavukanye ubwo butore. Muri demokarasi ni ibindi. Utinda ku butegetsi igihe cyose ba nyirabwo (abaturage) bakibugutije. Ndetse n’iyo rubanda yaba igukunze cyane bakugenera umubare wa “Manda” udashobora kurenza.

Muri demokarasi rero, igipimo cy’amajwi gitanga icyo cyizere ni 50% n’imisago. Iyo ufite muri za 40%, ushobora gutegeka kuko uba warushije abandi. Amajwi asigaye n’ubwo aba ari menshi (60%) ariko aba atatanye. Nyamara rero ntiwabyizera, kuko bashoboye kwishyira hamwe, bahita bagira 60% bakaguhigika. Ni yo mpamvu iri rushanwa ry’ubutegetsi muri demokarasi riganisha kuri 50%, kuko buri wese aba azi ko narenzaho na 0,1% azatengamara, kuko abasigaye bose, n’aho bakwiyunga batamutsimbura. Ubu bushake bwo kwegera 50% rero butuma abantu bagenda biyegeranya bikarangira bibumbiye mu bice bibiri bihanganye. Amashyaka asigaye na yo yireba ahereye kuri iyo mirongo yombi, hakaba abo byitwa ko bayikuririza, abandi bakavugwa ko bayoroshya. Ni ho haturuka ibyo twumva ngo Centre-Gauche (koroshya) cyangwa ngo Extrême-Droite (gukabya).

N’iwacu mu Rwanda ni uko byagenze. Ibitekerezo bya politiki byagiye byiyegeranya kugera hasigaye ya mirongo ibiri gusa: uwa repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi (wabimburiwe na MDR-PARMEHUTU) n’uwa gihake ishingiye ku murage n’amateka (wabimburiwe na UNAR). N’ubu rukigeretse. Amashyaka yacu wayarebera muri iyi mirongo yombi. Gusa na none, birashoboka ko hagira ayitarura ho gato, amwe akayikabiriza (Extrême), andi akayoroshya (Centre). Ariko murabona nyine ko na yo ari ya mirongo yombi aba yubakiyeho.

I. UKO IYO MIRONGO YOMBI IHAGAZE MURI IKI GIHE CYACU.

1. Umurongo wa UNAR.

Kuba FPR ari UNAR y’ubu byo si umugani. Mwibuke ko mu ntangiro zayo yitwaga RANU, ni ukuvuga UNAR mu mpine y’icyongereza. Gusa rero uko gusa no gusabirana ntibyagarukiye mu mazina gusa. Witegereje ibikorwa, usanga ari wa murongo wa UNAR ukomeje. FPR kimwe na UNAR irwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo.

 Icya mbere FPR yashakaga si imyanya mu butegetsi.

Iyo FPR iza kuba igenzwa n’imyanya, i Arusha bari bayihaye irenze iyo yari ikwiye, yari gutuza. Gusa ibi byari bihabanye n’umurongo wayo wa politiki wo kumva ko ubutegetsi bufite ba nyirabwo: Indobanure zo muri FPR. Ni yo mpamvu FPR yakomeje intambara kugeza ibufashe bwose. Yanze gutatira wa murongo w’uko hari abavukiye gutegeka n’abavukiye guhakwa.Iyo Kagame avuze ngo “twatakaje imyaka 30” ni ho aba yerekeza. Ni ukuvuga ngo Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri zabaye icyuho, kuko ubutegetsi bwari mu maboko y’abatabugenewe.

Muzumve amadisikuru y’ubu: u Rwanda rwabayeho kugeza 1959, hacamo icyuho cya jenoside yamaze imyaka 30 (Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri), rwongera kubaho FPR ifashe ubutegetsi. Igisekeje ni uko ibi Kagame abivugira kuri Stade Amahoro atubatse, akabivuga aturutse mu Rugwiro atubatse, ari butahe mu Kiyovu atubatse n’ibindi. Ibyakozwe byose kuri repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri bisa n’ibitabaho kuko nyine byakozwe n’abatagenewe kugira ubutegetsi. Kuri FPR, mu Rwanda ubutegetsi bufite ba nyirabwo. Si ubutegetsi butangwa, ni ubutegetsi butunzwe. Ni yo mpamvu yanze kubusangira n’abandi. Ibyo ntibivuguruzanya no kuba nyuma yo kubufata igenda ibukeberaho abo ishatse n’igihe ishakiye. Na ba Rwarakabije yarabakebeye. Gusa ibakebera izi, na bo bazi, ko ari ubwayo, bakagomba kwitwararika no kuyoboka. Ingaruka y’iyi myumvire ni uko ushaka kugira ijambo mu gihugu cye agomba kubanza GUHAKWA ngo arihabwe, kuko rifite ba nyiraryo. Ngako akagobeko ko “kwihesha agaciro”. Iyo wumvise uku kuri, uba ubaye umuntu. N’iyo wari ufite “mandant d’arrêt” ukurikiranweno jenoside nka Rwigema Pierre Céléstin, bayigukuriraho, ugataha, babona uyoboka neza bakakugabira akanya. Naho iyo ugize uti nanjye ndi umwenegihugu ugashaka kwiha ijambo, FPR ikubika hamwe na ba Victoire, Mushayidi na Ntaganda, iyo ugize amahirwe ntigukurikize ba Rwisereka.

Aha kabiri FPR ibera umushibuka wa UNAR ni ku bo yubakiyeho.

N’ubwo ishuka abantu ngo abaturage bayikunda kurusha uko bikunda, n’umwana icyo nticyamufata. Ntiwaba wubakiye ku baturage ngo ujye kubabyutsa saa cyenda z’ijoro n’imbunda ugira ngo ubatoreshe ku ngufu indorerezi zitarahasesekara. Ntiwaba wubakiye ku baturage ngo ubavune ibikumwe ubatoresha ku ngufu, uwo badashaka. Ntiwaba wubakiye ku baturage ngo amajwi yabo uyate mu misarani. Ntiwaba wubakiye ku baturage ngo nyuma y’imyaka 19 intambara irangiye, ube ukibacungisha imbunda kugera muri nyumbakumi (positions z’abasirikari hose, lokodifensi, inkeregutabara n’ibindi). FPR yubakiye by’ukuri ku ndobanure nke. Abandi ni ugukurikira.Torture-FPR

Ikindi kirimo kwigaragaza cyane muri iyi minsi ni“ukwikubira” ibyiza by’igihugu. FPR ikomereje aho UNAR yari igereje. Kera inka zari iz’umwami none zagiye muri Girinka(FPR). Ntiwayigurisha udahawe umuriro (uruhusa). Ubutaka ntibukiri ubw’abaturage ngo bwabaye ubwa leta (FPR). Ibishanga ni uko.Uhinze ibidategetswe waba uhungabanyije umudendezo wa leta (FPR). Usaruye ikigori mu byo bagutegetse huginga ukagaburira abana, ngo uba ukomye gahunda za leta (FPR) mu nkokora. Gutwara taxi byeguriwe abifite (FPR). Ntibitangaje kuba FPR iri mu mashyaka akize ku isi. Kera igihugu cyose cyari icy’umwami, none ubu cyose cyahindutse icya FPR. Icyo dusigaranye umwami mushya atarafata ni abagore. Ubanza na bwo biterwa no gutinya kwirahuriraho amakara kuko n’ababo babananiye. Umunsi umwe tuzakanguka dusange hatowe itegeko ko abagore bari abacu bahindutse aba leta (FPR) !

Ivangura riragenda rikagera hose. Mu bintu byose usangamo gahunda ebyiri: ireba rubanda rwa giseseka, n’ireba indobanure zo mu butegetsi. Ngo abana ba rubanda nibajye biga mu zuba ryo mu mpashyi, nyamara ab’indobanure za FPR biga Green Hills baruhuka Nyakanga na Kanama. Ngo abana ba rubanda nibige ku ngufu mu cyongereza (n’abigisha ntacyo bazi), nyamara muri Green Hills hari ishami ryiga kandi ryigisha mu gifaransa… Ngo Bourses zivuyeho ku bana ba rubanda, nyamara ab’indobanure bararihirwa ibya mirenge mu mahanga… Ni byinshi byerekana ko FPR na yo ifata abanyarwanda mu byiciro. Hakaba abavukanye uburenganzira n’abagomba kubusaba bagategereza kubuhabwa; hakaba abavukanye impagarike n’abavukanye inenge ngo yitwa ingengabitekerezo…ngayo nguko.

 2. Umurongo wa MDR-PARMEHUTU.

Umuromgo wa politiki wabimburiwe na MDR-PARMEHUTU na wo ntiwazimye : Ubutegetsi ntawe ubuvukana butangwa na rubanda, ikabuha umwegihugu yishakiye hadashingiwe ku mavuko no ku bukire. Abenegihugu bose barareshya, nta wavukiye guhaka, ngo undi avukire guhakwa .

inama

Mu matora ya Kamarampaka yabaye le 25/9/1961 : Rubanda yasezereye Karinga n’izayo ihitamo ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika ishingiye kuri Demokarasi.

Uyu murongo wa Parmehutu ntaho wagiye. Ubizi kuturusha ni UNAR/FPR bamye bahanganye. Mu mikorere yayo, FPR ihora yikanga umurongo wa politiki wa Parmehutu ikawuhoza mu ngororero (target). Ingororero cyari igiti bashingagaho intobo bitoza kumasha. Gufora umuheto rero babyitaga kugorora. Aha ni ho haturuka ijambo ingororero. FPR na yo rero ihoza MDR-PARMEHUTU mu ngororero. Mwumvise mu minsi ishize abacurabwenge bayo bateza ubwega ko bamaze kuvumbura bidasubirwaho ishyaka ricumbikiye PARMEHUTU y’ubu. Uku ni ko umucurabwenge wayo Tom Ndahiro abisobanura (mwihangane nimubona hari aho bitumvikana si amakosa yanjye. Imyandikire n’ubuhanga bwa Tom murabizi. Gusa nahisemo kubyandukurana n’amakosa yabyo ngo nubahe ibitekerezo by’undi harimo n’uburenganzira bwe bwo kwibeshya):

 “Amateka ariyanditse Bucyana Maritini abonye umusimbura. Uwo si undi ni Thomas Nahimana washinze ishyaka rye “Ishyaka/Parti Ishema—IshemaParty.” Ab’ingezi muri iryo shyaka ni aba: Padiri Thomas Nahimana, Mme Nadine Claire Kasinge, Bwana Jean Baptiste Kabanda, Dr. Deogratias Basesayabo, Bwana Chaste Gahunde, Dr, Joseph Nkusi, Bwana Venant Nkurunziza na Bwana Ernest NSENGA… Muri iryo tangazo biyerekana ko baharanira amahoro. Ariko imvugo ikoreshwa ikomoka mu ijambo ryavuzwe na Geregori Kayibanda ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994. (Soma Kangura N0 40-Gashyantare 1993). Ibyanditse mu itangazo ry’ishyaka rya Padiri, usanga igitekerezo ari icya CDR n’abambari bayo. Ku rupapuro rwa mbere KANGURA N0 51 handitse ngo: “ABATUTSI BAKWIYE KURYOZWA IBY’INTAMBARA” ku urwa nyuma hari ifoto ya Bucyana Martini wari perezida wa CDR munsi y’ifoto ye handitse ngo: “ISHYAKA RYACU NIRYO RITEZWEHO GUKIZA RUBANDA, NIRYO RISHYAMIRANYE N’ARI KU BUTEGETSI. Icyo kinyamakuru ni icyo mu Ukwakira 1993. Mu itangazo rya Padiri Nahimana n’abo ayobora, ntibagaragaza Ku urupapuro rwa 3 rw’icyo kinyamakuru Kangura, hari inyandiko ifite umutwe: “KWITWA UMUPARMEHUTU SI IGISEBO NI ISHEMA”. Iryo zina ISHEMA rishyizwe ahagaragara kuli 28 Mutarama 2013 rifite icyo riganishaho. PARMEHUTU yakoreye kudeta i Gitarama kuli 28 Mutarama 1961. Ishema ryayo rivukiye i Paris, France nyuma y’imyaka 52. Ni amateka reka dutegereze”.

(http://umuvugizi.wordpress.com/2013/01/29/hutu-power-mu-birindiro-i-paris/#more-1809)

 

Kubera amakosa menshi n’akajagari k’ibitekerezo, ntibyoroshye guhandura ubutumwa burimo. Reka ariko ngerageze n’ubwo ari nko guhinga umushike.

Muri make uyu mucurabwenge wa FPR akaba n’umwiru mukuru kwa Kagame (umujyanama) aragira ati:

  1.  Amateka arongeye yisubiyemo. Ishema rya Parmehutu rivukiye i Paris.
  2.  Ishyaka Ishema ryavutse taliki ya 28 Mutarama, itariki yibukwaho Kongere y’i Gitarama ubwo MDR-PARMEHUTU yahirikaga ingoma ya Cyami igakoma imbarutso y’ugutsindwa kwa LUNARI.
  3.  Ishyaka Ishema riri mu murongo wa PARMEHUTU ya Grégoire Kayibanda. N’ubwo rigaragaza ko riharanira amahoro, imvugo yabo ikomoka kuri Grégoire Kayibanda.
  4.  Abashinze iri shyaka nta bwoba batewe no kwitwa Abaparmehutu (kuri bo si igisebo ahubwo ni ISHEMA).
  5.  Aya ni amateka abanyarwanda bakwiye gukurikiranira hafi.

Ubundi iyi nkundura yaherukaga gukariha muri 2003 ubwo FPR yari yanzikiye gusesa MDR. Nyuma byabaye nk’ibituje. Ubanza FPR yarumvaga PARMEHUTU yarapfuye buhambe. Ubu ariko itangiye kumva ko itanogonotse. None Tom ati “Ishema rya Parmehutu rivukiye i Paris”. Usibye no guteza ubwega ngo PARMEHUTU yazukiye mu Ishema, FPR izi ko umurongo wa politiki udapfa. Kuba kuva MDR yaseswa muri 2003 nta shyaka ryari rihagarariye umurongo wayo wa politiki, ntibivuze ko ibitekerezo wubakiyeho byari byarapfuye. Ibitekerezo ntibipfa, hapfa ba nyirabyo. Ndacyafite amatsiko yo kumenya uko abayobozi b’Ishyaka Ishema bakiriye iri sesengura rya FPR. Biramutse ari byo, politiki y’u Rwanda yaba iteye indi ntambwe. Ibintu byaba bibaye nk’ibindi umugani w’abiru. Ibi ndetse biduhaye akanya ko gusesengura isano iri hagati y’iriya mirongo ibiri yaranze politiki y’u Rwanda n’amashyaka agenda avuka ayishamikiyeho.

 II. IBISA BIDASABIRANA N’IBISABIRANA BIDASA.

1. UNAR NA FPR

Mu isesengura rishize twagarutse ku ngingo yo kutitiranya izina ry’ishyaka n’umurongo waryo wa politiki. Koko rero ntibihagije kubona izina ngo wemeze ko ishyaka iri n’iri rifite umurongo runaka. Ahubwo ushingira ku bitekerezo bya politiki rishyize imbere. Bifasha umuntu kumenya ibisa by’ukuri. Twabonye uburyo FPR ari UNAR y’ubu. Ibi byo biroshye kuko FPR yatangiye yitwa RANU (UNAR mu cyongereza). Nyamara rero hari aho bidahuza. N’ubwo biharanira umurongo umwe wa politiki, hari aho bitandukaniye. Iyo UNAR yemezaga ko hari abavukiye gutegeka n’abavukiye gutegekwa, yabikoraga nta buryarya. Ni ho imyumvire yari igeze. Usibye n’abatware bari mu butegetsi, hari na benshi muri rubanda babyumvaga batyo. Turamutse dushingiye ku myumvire y’ubu y’uko abantu bavuka bareshya mu burenganzira, maze tugacira UNAR urubanza rukakaye, twaba tuyirenganyije. Mu gihe cyayo yumvaga iri mu kuri. Si ko bimeze ubu kuri FPR. Ukurikije aho imyumvire igeze ku isi hose no mu Rwanda, kuba FPR ivangura abanyarwanda ni umugambi uteguye, wubakiye ku bushake bwo guhigika bamwe ugatonesha abandi. Aha rero ni aha mbere FPR itandukaniye na UNAR. Kuri iki , uwashinja FPR ubugome ntiyaba arengereye.

Byaba n’isesengura ryiza umuntu yibajije impamvu FPR, imaze gufata ubutegetsi, itacyuye wa “mwami” UNAR yarwaniraga ishyaka. Igisubizo twagishakira mu nzira ebyiri.

Ku ruhande rumwe, igikuru si umwami, si n’ubwami, ni ingengabitekerezo(idéologie) byubakiyeho, imwe ya gihake (ko bamwe bavukiye gutegeka abandi bakavukira guhakwa). FPR rero yafashe icyo kiri ingenzi (wa murongo wa politiki ko ngo ubutegetsi bufite ba nyirabwo) ibindi ntacyo byari biyunguye.

Ku rundi ruhande ndetse, ishobora kuba yaranze kwikururira ibintu byamaze guta imitemeri. Erega maye iby’umwami hashize igihe kirekire imbwa zarabirwaniyemo. Abatabizi reka mbibutse ko umwami wa nyuma w’u Rwanda yatanze tariki 25 nyakanga 1957. Kuva icyo gihe, nta mwami wongeye kubaho. Nimumbaze rero muti uyu Ndahindurwa akaba iki? Igisubizo: ntiyigeze aba umwami. Umwami yabaga we kuva ku munsi yimitsweho, hashingiwe ku nzira yabugenewe mu muco nyarwanda.

Abasomye ibisobanuro byanditswe na Alexis Kagame (umwiru mukuru wagombaga kumwimika) muzi ko Ndahindurwa atigeze yimikwa, kuko byananiranye kumvikana ku buryo bwari gukoreshwa mu mihango yo kwimika. Ngo bahisemo ko arahira. Nyumvira nawe ! Nk’uwuhe mwami wundi se muzi wabaye we binyuze mu ndahiro? Iyo ndahiro se yari iteganyijwe he mu nzira tuzi z’ubwiru? Ku muntu wumva ubwami icyo bwari cyo n’uko bwakoraga, kuvuga “umwami warahiye” birashekeje. Ni nko kuvuga “imbeho ishyushye” cyangwa “ikimasa gihaka”. Kagame Alexis, nk’umwiru uzi ibintu, iyo usomye uburyo avuga ibi byo kurahira, ubona ko na we mu gihe yabyandikaga ibitwenge byari byamwishe: abyita “comédie supplémentaire”(Kagame, A., Un abrégé de l’Histoire du Rwanda, de 1853 à 1972, Butare: EUR, p. 266). Ubusanzwe umuragwa yabaga umwami umunsi yimitsweho bikurikije inzira ya kane y’ubwiru ari yo Nzira y’Ubwimika. Ibindi ni urwenya.

 2. MDR 59 NA MDR 91

Reka tunakomoze gato ku isano iri hagati ya MDR-PARMEHUTU yo muri za 59 na MDR yo muri za 91. Ni kenshi twumva abanenga MDR yo muri 91 ko ngo yatatiye igihango, ko ngo yagambanye umunsi yifatanyije na FPR mu kurwanya Habyarimana, no kwemera kujya muri guverinoma FPR imaze kwifatira ubutegetsi ku ngufu, n’ibindi. Abavuga ibyo babiterwa no kumva ko, ukurikije uriya murongo wa politiki wa MDR-PARMEHUTU 59, ari ishyano ko MDR 91 yiyunga na UNAR nshya ari yo FPR. Mu by’ukuri si byo. Kutumva itandukaniro hagati y’izi za MDR zombi bishobora gutuma dushinja MDR 91 amakosa itakoze.

Kuba amazina yombi asa bishobora kutuyobya tukibagirwa ko MDR 59 na MDR 91 byari bitandukaniye ku kintu cy’ingenzi. MDR 59 yarwaniraga ishyaka umurongo w’ibitekerezo. MDR 91 yarwaniraga imyanya mu butegetsi. Nerekanye uburyo kutarwanira imyanya byatumye MDR 59 idacikamo ibice kandi ntiyigurishe ku Mwami. MDR 91 yo ni ko byayigendekeye. Yari igendereye imyanya, biyitera kwigurisha iburyo n’ibumoso. Uko kurwanira imyanya kwabaye intandaro yo gucikamo ibice, kuko abenyegezaga ku mpande zose byaraboroheraga. Ngiyo MDR-Power, ngiyo MDR-Jogi, n’ibindi. Uku gucikamo ibice kwarayikurikiranye na nyuma ya 94. Muribuka umurava bamwe mu bari bayigize bagaragaje mu iseswa ryayo. Utabyibuka yabaza Safari Stanley na bagenzi be.

Nk’ishyaka rirwanira imyanya mu butegetsi ridashyize imbere umurongo wa politiki, kuba MDR 91 yarafatanyije na FPR ntibitangaje, nta n’ikosa ririmo. Iyo ushaka imyanya uyishakira ahashoboka hose no mu nzira zose. Igikuru ni ukubona icyo ushaka. Bagomba kuba baribwiraga bati reka FPR idufashe kugamburuza Habyarimana, tuzayikubita icenga tuyigobotore, cyangwa tuyereke igihandure mu matora. Basanze ibarusha imitego ibyungukiramo bo barahomba. Nka ya ndirimbo ngo “ndangura mpendwa ngacuruza mpomba”. Gusa MDR 91 nta wayitera ibuye, ku isi hose amashyaka arwanira imyanya mu butegetsi adashyize imbere umurongo w’ibitekerezo ni kuriya abigenza. Akadakora umwe ntikica ubukwe.

Dukurikije iriya mirongo ibiri ya politiki n’ibiyitandukanya, iyo MDR 91 iza kuba irwanira ishyaka umurongo wa politiki nka wa wundi wa MDR 59, ntibyashobokaga na gato “gukorana byahafi”(coalition) na FPR, kuko bari kuba bari mu byerekezo bihabanye kandi bihanganye. Ni imirongo igoye guhuza. Ngo “Bigirankana bya Nirwange yasomeje amata amatezano ati ibitajyanye ni ibi”! Nta hantu na hamwe wahuriza umurongo wa Repubulika ishingiye kuri Demokarasi (ubutegetsi bwa rubanda) , n’umurongo w’ubuhake bushingiye ku bisekuru. Uko kuba mu byerekezo bivuguruzanya bituma nta hantu mwahera mufatanya bya hafi. Iyo uharanira umwe muri iyi mirongo, kimwe mu byo uba ugamije ni ukuzibira urwanira undi murongo ngo adafata ubutegetsi. Kuba rero MDR 91 yo yarashoboye kwibona muri gahunda za FPR birumvikana. Nta wavuga rero ko MDR 91 yagambaniye wa umurongo wa politiki wa MDR 59. Ntawo yagiraga. Yari ishyaka rishaka imyanya mu butegetsi, mu nzira zose. Ngo imbeba yakurikiye akaryoshye mu nsi y’ibuye ihakura inda y’akabati. Ikindi kimenyetso gishobora kuzadufasha muri iki cyerekezo, ni ugucukumbura icyo FPR yapfuye na ba Gapyisi igahitamo kubakuraho. None wasanga hari icyo FPR yumvikanyeho n’abandi uyu we akayitera utwatsi! Abacukumbura muzarebe aha, hapfunditse ibanga. But that is another story!

Ubutaha tuzafatanya kureba uko amashyaka y’ubu ahagaze ushingiye kuri iriya mirongo iranga politiki y’u Rwanda, ingaruka bifite ku cyifuzo cyo guhuza “opposition”, n’izo bishobora kugira ku ihinduka ry’ubutegetsi.

BIRACYAZA….

Edmond MUNYANGAJU.

Avis aux lecteurs: Nos articles peuvent être reproduits à condition de citer le nom d’auteur et le site web source.                                                                                                           Notice to readers: Our articles may be reproduced provided the author’s name and the source website are cited.

No one should dare to equate the Father of the Republic to the tyrant.

Leave a reply

On May 6th 2020 Dr David Himbara on his own blog confirmed unverified hypothesis that “Every post-independence Rwandan dictator weaponized genocide”. “This is an indisputable fact”, he wrote. This post is a reproduction of another he wrote on April 26th 2017  at the same blog.

Despite insufficiency of tangible evidence in both articles, you may understand how it is so important to him to find the dictator Paul Kagame and other Republican leaders in the same basket. By my right and duty of a good citizen, I would like to help him by answering the questions on which he based his thoughts.

  1. “Why did Kayibanda refuse to adopt the Genocide Convention in his 11-year rule?” Dr David Himbara questioned.

Himbara’s only argument that HE Gregoire Kayibanda would be a genocidaire like Kagame is that he did not sign the Genocide Convention during his 11 years on power. Dr Himbara supports his sole argument with the fact that some other African countries quickly ratified that convention!

Assuming that Himbara has no other thought behind, one would like to know why he has never worried nor questioned why no king of Rwanda signed such genocide convention. I think this should be a good way to reason in the best possible way, as from the date when the Genocide Convention was opened for signature on December 09th 1948, both Mutara III Rudahigwa and Kigeli V Ndahindurwa were absolute kings of Rwanda, respectively. In fact, at that time any Member of the United Nations and any non-member State to which an invitation to sign had been addressed by the General Assembly, had the right to be a party to the Convention and Rwanda was one of them (See Article 11 of the genocide convention).  I very much doubt that Himbara jumped this period of time from 1948 to 1962 without knowledge of this fact. He merely wanted to rush on HE Gregoire Kayibanda who is quite innocent in this matter of Rwanda genocides.

To proceed I may remind Himbara that even today in 2020, not in 1962, the Convention on genocide still stands a low rate of acceptance by many countries. For instance, the United States signed on only yesterday, after decades with protracted debates, and I hope they have not weaponized genocide. To be complete, one should list and examine each state which has not yet ratified or acceded to the Genocide Convention in order to let Himbara prove himself wrong and apologize to the public for luck of intellectual honesty.

If to Himbara a non-ratifying state weaponizes genocide, many countries are now concerned, as of in February 2018, at least 45 United Nations Member States had not yet ratified the Genocide Convention. Some of those are: Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Angola, Botswana Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Swaziland Zambia, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Nauru, Oman, Palau, Qatar, Samoa, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Etc.

Briefly speaking, signature subject to ratification of multilateral convention is an act of interests towards other countries. Like any other contract, it is negotiated and signed, ratified or accessed considering in first place always the interests of your own nation.  Therefore, HE Gregoire Kayibanda did not refuse to adopt or sign the convention because at the time of its adoption (1948), Rwanda was not ruled by him but by the King Mutara III Rudahigwa. Nor he did not refuse ratification of the convention as it is a process done always by the country not by a president as a person. In this case, Dr Himbara should have asked why His Majesty MUTARA III Rudahigwa did not sign the genocide convention. Following Himbara’s reasoning, King MUTARA “knew that he would sooner or later unleash genocide” (Himbara’s own words on Habyarimana).

Theoretically and practically, a country cannot be bound without its consent, and consequently no convention can be effective on the territory against the will of that country, therefore, no ratification without its agreement thereto. That is why Rwanda was subjected to the “Accession”, the act whereby a state accepts the offer to become a party to a convention or treaty already negotiated and signed by other states. Accordingly, Rwanda accessed to the genocide convention on April 16th 1975.

Thanks to HE Gregoire Kayibanda, Rwanda has become an independent Republic until today. For sure he will remain a father of our nation, because not only he served many from slavery to liberty, from domination to equality but also, he established democracy in our young Republic. And with the wisdom he had, he could not accept such event of genocides on Rwandan soil or elsewhere in pursuit of Tutsi who fled the country.

  1. “Why did Habyarimana in his 21-year rule block the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to try genocide crimes in Rwanda?” A question raised by Dr David Himbara.

To the first question raised, Dr David Himbara was against HE Gregoire Kayibanda because he did not “adopt” the genocide convention. Now the convention is accessed but he is still accusing HE Juvenal Habyarimana that he did block the ICJ to try genocide crimes because of “a reservation” he made during the time of accession. In both articles since 2017? Himbara argued that “Habyarimana effectively blocked the International Court of Justice from holding Rwanda accountable for genocide crimes in Rwanda. It is as if Habyarimana knew that he would sooner or later unleash genocide. Habyarimana would not give up his genocide weapon.”

And he concludes that the former president Juvenal HABYARIMANA like his predecessor, used the genocide as a weapon. But Himbara fails to explain when, how and where exactly this happened? I wish Himbara himself would have provided more information. But he did not, probably and may be, he will.  The only argument he advances, is constituted on the fact that the president accepted the accession to the Genocide Convention in 1970s, with a reservation. To Himbara, this is a crime! Not an ordinary one, but a genocide. I must say that this is wrong, wicked, and dangerous!

Before I proceed, I may ask Himbara if he knows any act of genocide committed during Habyarimana regime. And why did this wait so long after his assassination (on the 06th April 1994) to be discovered by Himbara? Moreover, why this was not mentioned in the reasons of the RPF’s attack of October 1st, 1990?

It is true that Rwanda’s instrument of accession to the Convention, contains a reservation worded as follows: “The Rwandese Republic does not consider itself as bound by Article IX of the Convention.” However, this reservation cannot block the ICJ to try genocide crimes especially that the court itself is not competent for crimes matters like genocide. (See the ICJ statute, Article 36, pt.2). I will provide more explanation below, by answering your 3rd question.

Yet, someone may wonder what the content of this Article IX of the Genocide Convention is. It reads as follows: 

“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfillment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.”

Except Himbara, everyone including Paul Kagame who reads this article can easily find out that “this reservation to Article IX is not incompatible with the object and purpose of the convention, inasmuch as the reservation relates not to the substantive obligations of the parties to the Convention but to a procedural provision”. In addition, many other States maintain similar reservations, and the majority of the 151 States parties to the Convention have raised no objection to that reservation.

Just for information, even the USA has ratified the Convention, though after forty years (1988) with significant reservations on the same Article IX. It states that with respect to any disputes involving the United States, such disputes may only be submitted to the International Court of Justice with the specific consent of the United States. (see reservation 782). Following Dr Himbara’s reasoning, the sole purpose for such reservation can be also a genocide plan.

Notwithstanding that the question of reservation to Genocide Convention has been even solved in 1951, Himbara still fails to understand it in 2020. In fact, when Rwanda made its reservation on April 16th, 1975; this confusion of Dr Himbara was already removed 24 years before Rwanda accessed to the convention. Generally speaking, the Jurisprudence made by the ICJ has already found that reservations are not prohibited under the Genocide Convention. “It is well established that even if a convention contained no article on subject of reservations, it does not mean that these are prohibited”. (See the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Reservations to the Genocide Convention, ICJ, May 28, 1951, P.12, 22 (1951 I.C.J. 15).

David Himbara should know that the reservation made by Rwanda to the Genocide Convention was legal and lawfully accepted, otherwise it would had been disputed among states members. And he should also know that the reservation is raised when the interests of the country is flouted. Therefore, it was in the best interests of Rwanda as a country and its citizens, not Habyarimana as an individual.

  1. “Why did Kagame use Habyarimana’s clause to block the International Court of Justice’s jurisdiction to try Rwanda’s genocide crimes in DRC?”- Dr David Himbara asked.

Dear Dr Himbara, first, the ICJ is not competent for criminal matters, much less to try genocide crimes. Only states may be parties in cases before this court because its jurisdiction in all legal disputes is limited to:

  1. the interpretation of a treaty;
  2. any question of international law;
  3. the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;
  4. the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.

Therefore, in its application the DRC contended that Rwanda has violated Articles II and III of the Genocide Convention as the “result from acts of armed aggression perpetrated by Rwanda on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in flagrant breach of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. (See ICJ, DRC v Rwanda, 3 February 2006, No. 126, pt 22).

Nevertheless, I agree with you that Paul Kagame not only planned genocide but also committed it either in Rwanda or in Democratic Republic of the Congo. But he did not block the criminal prosecution just by reservation as you said. Normally, due to the interests of colonial power (via Kagame) all reservation including this one should have been removed according to the Article 15 of the Arusha Protocol as signed on 3 August 1993, later on confirmed through a décret-loi No. 014/01 of 15 February 1995. For sure, one day he will face justice under Rwandans people’s court or under the ICC or any other court through universal jurisdiction. It is a matter of time.

In your second article you well mentioned the violation of the Article II of the Convention to define the crime of genocide. Actually, Paul Kagame’s criminal responsibility is based on those acts found in that Article, together with other two important elements:

  • The physical element: the acts he committed as found in Article II.
  • The mental element: His intent to constitute genocide against Rwandans inside, there must be a proven intent on the part of perpetrators to physically destroy a national and ethnical group both Hutu, Twa and Tutsi. This is a special intent, or dolus specialis, that makes the crime of genocide so unique. To know this, the real question is “what is the purpose of the offender?”, not “what is the result?”.

Thus, to constitute “crime of genocide”, it needs to be established that the victims are deliberately targeted not randomly because of their real or perceived membership of the group protected under the Convention. This means that the target of destruction must be the group, as such, or even a part of it, but not its members as individuals. For instance, the target of Hutu by RPA, in Byumba alone should be qualified as genocide, the same the devastation of Kibeho camp, alone constitutes genocide, and also extermination of Hutu Refugees in DRC alone constitutes genocide as well. 

With the same idea, why in your first Article in April 2017, do you write as follows: “As we mourn our loved ones who departed from us during the 1994 Rwandan genocide”, but for second time on the May 6th   2020, you change the gear to “the commemoration of the genocide against Tutsi”? Dr Himbara why and what is the difference?

Why did you insist on equating Paul Kagame to Juvenal HABYARIMANA? It is true that Kagame used genocide as a tool to avoid justice but why do you want to convince everyone that Kagame is as bad as Habyarimana. Let me tell you something which I can stand on until I die, Kagame will stay a unique tyrant in the history of Rwanda until the end. No one can be compared to Kagame, he is the worst.

Dear Dr HIMBARA,

When I find that you served as the Principal Private Secretary (PPS) to the President Paul Kagame, and that before that you headed the Strategy and Policy Unit (SPU) in the Office of the President, I understand how very difficult it is to oppose a system that you yourself have built.

However, it is a universal principle that “no one may profit by his own wrongdoing”.

 

Venant Nkurunziza

Your fellow Rwandan

Avis aux lecteurs: Nos articles peuvent être reproduits à condition de citer le nom d’auteur et le site web source.                                                                                                           Notice to readers: Our articles may be reproduced provided the author’s name and the source website are cited.

 

 

 

Politiki: Mu Rwanda hariho imirongo ibiri ya Politiki, uwa Lunari n’uwa Parmehutu (Igice cya kabiri)

1 Reply

Umwanditsi w’igitabo cy’umubwiriza yitegereje ibibera mu nsi ni ko guterura agira ati: “Ibyahozeho ni byo bizakomeza kubaho; ibyakozwe ni byo bizakomeza gukorwa, ugasanga nta kintu gishyashya cyaduka ku isi. Hari ubwo haba ikintu bakavuga ngo dore kiriya ni gishyashya! Burya na cyo kiba cyarabayeho mu binyejana byahise” (Umubwiriza 1,9-10). Yagushije ku kuri guhamye. Ibi ntibivuguruje kuba isi igenda ihinduka. Ihora ijya mbere kuko ngo “bucya bucyana ayandi”. Nyamara ihame uyu muhanuzi yagushijeho ritwibutsa ko atari bibi gusubiza amaso inyuma tukareba ibyahise, kuko biba bipfunditse amabango yadufasha kumva iby’ubu. Nk’uko twabikomojemo ubushize, reka dufatanye kureba uburyo, iyo ucukumbuye, usanga kugeza ubu LUNARI na MDR-Parmehutu ari yo mirongo ifatika y’ibitekerezo bya politiki u Rwanda rwagize. Hari uwakwibaza ati ese andi mashyaka yabayeho nyuma nta murongo wa politiki yagiraga? Iki kibazo kirakwiye. Dufatanye tugishakire igisubizo.

Mu gutangira, reka twibukiranye ibibanza:

  • Ni byiza kutitiranya umurongo wa politiki n’izina ry’ishyaka. Birashoboka kugira kimwe udafite ikindi. Izina ry’ishyaka rishobora kuba rivuga ko riharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage, kandi mu bikorwa ritazi n’iyo byerekera. Ushobora no kubona ishyaka riharanira imibereho y’abaturage mu bikorwa, kandi ntiribishyire mu izina.
  • Ishyaka rya politiki n’umurongo wa politiki ntibigendana iteka. Hashobora kubaho ishyaka ritagira umurongo wa politiki, kimwe n’uko hashobora kubaho umurongo wa politiki utagira ishyaka riwuhagarariye. Birakwiye rero gusobanura ibintu neza.

I. POLITIKI NI IKI?

Ntiriwe ndondora ibisobanuro byose bitangwa n’abahanga, navuga ko politiki yubakiye ku bintu bibiri by’ingenzi biranga imibereho ya muntu. Mu buzima bwacu, ibyo dukeneye ntibigira ingano (besoins illimités), nyamara ikigega cy’ibisubizo cyo ni gito (ressources limitées). Hatabayeho inzira zo guhuza aya mahurizo yombi, abantu twabaho nk’inyamaswa, inini ikajya imira into. Mu kubyirinda, abantu bashaka inzira zo kumvikana ku mahame abagenga ngo basaranganye kugirango buri wese ashobore kubaho mu mahoro no mu munezero. Ngiyo politiki. Ni ibikorwa byose bihuza abantu bagamije kubaka imiyoboro ikemura ririya hurizo ry’ibyo bafite (ressources) n’ibyo bakeneye (besoins). Ni yo mpamvu ahari abantu babiri, burya politiki iba yatangiye. Kuba mu rugo umugabo yasa inkwi, umwana akavoma, umugore agateka, iyo na yo ni politiki mu rwego ruciriritse. Iyo imiryango myinshi yishyize hamwe igamije gushakira igisubizo ririya hurizo tumaze kuvuga, irema icyo abagereki bitaga “Polis” cyangwa “Cité”, ari nako ibihugu byavutse. Ibikorwa byose bijyanye no gufasha “Polis” kubaho mu mudendezo ushingiye ahanini ku gusaranganya neza ibyiza by’igihugu, nibyo byitwa politiki.

Ku rwego rw’amashyaka n’ibihugu, kubaka iyo “miyoboro ifatika” ihuza abantu benshi hagamijwe kubafasha kubana mu mahoro arambye ntibyizana kandi ntibyahawe bose : bisaba abantu babifitiye impano(charisme), ugutinyuka, ubushake, ubwitange, ubushobozi n’umuhate : abo nibo bitwa Abanyapolitiki. Ni na yo mpamvu atari ubonetse wese ukora politiki. Kuko ni wo mwuga ugoye kurusha iyindi.

Kimwe mu bibazo bikomereye u Rwanda muri iki gihe wacyumvira aha. Buri wese yihinduye umunyapolitiki. Ngo nyumbakumi yumvise ko Kadafi yishwe, ariyamirira ati: “abanyapolitiki turashize!”. Muri “opposition” nyarwanda na ho ushishoje ntiwabura bene abo , bigira abanyapolitiki kandi ntacyo biyumvira. Umuntu yabigereranya n’ubuhanzi. Kuririmba muri korali ni ibya benshi, naho kuba umunyamuziki n’umuhanzi w’indirimbo ni ibya bake babifitiye impano. Na politiki ni uko. Ikorwa n’abayifitiye impano, bafite umurongo w’ibitekerezo barwanira. Iyo bitabaye ibyo, ihinduka amacambwa. Amacambwa ni amazi y’ibirohwa aba ku nkengero z’umugezi. Ubundi imbwa zitinya amazi maremare, ariko kuko ayo yo aba ari ku ruhande kandi ari hagufi, na zo zirahajya zikidumbaguza, zikivovota, zigataha zumva zivuye koga mu mugezi. Ni yo mpamvu bayita amacambwa. Umugani ugana akariho.

II.UMURONGO WA POLITIKI BISOBANURA IKI?

Umurongo wa politiki ni ibitekerezo, umushinga (projet de socitété), n’ibikorwa bigamije kubaka sosiyete no kuyiha igihagararo iki n’iki. Ufite umurongo wa politiki aba yumva igihugu hari uburyo cyayoborwamo maze abagituye bakarushaho gusangira mu mutuzo ibyiza bigikomokaho. Umurongo wa politiki urangwa n’ingingo enye:

1.Kugira ibitekerezo

Aha hari uwakwiyamirira ati ese ubundi habaho abantu batagira ibitekerezo? Muri politiki birashoboka. Urugero: uwavuga ko ashaka gukuraho ubutegetsi bwa FPR akoresheje intambara, kandi mu mushinga we wa politiki ntitubonemo gushaka ibikoresho n’abarwanyi, yaba nta bitekerezo afite. Tutagiye kure, hari benshi ubu baharanira ngo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa FPR. Wababaza icyo bazabusimbuza, ugatungurwa n’uko icyo kibazo ari ubwa mbere kibanyuze mu bwonko. Kurwanira guhindura ubutegetsi udafite icyo ubusimbuza gifatika (projet de société alternative) ni ukutagira ibitekerezo. Byaragaragaye kenshi aho abantu barwanya ubutegetsi ndetse bakabukuraho, nyuma bakayoberwa icyo babusimbuza, ugasanga ntaho bavuye ntaho bagiye.

Muri politiki, kugira ibitekerezo, bivuga kugira ibihamye, bihera ku ntangiro bikagusha ku iherezo, bikareba impande zose z’ikibazo. Iyo bigarukiye mu cyeregati, cyangwa bigafata igice cy’ikibazo, tuvuga ko nta byo. Hari igihe bidogera ugasanga kuyoborwa n’abatagira ibitekerezo birutwa no gutegekwa n’abafite ibitekerezo ugaya. Muri Libiya Kadafi ngo yari umunyagitugu. Nyamara ubu baramwifuza, atari uko bakunze igitugu cye, ahubwo kuko yasimbuwe n’abatagira ibitekerezo n’umurongo bya politiki. Za Iraki ni uko n’ahandi henshi. Amateka aratuburira. Urabe wumva mutima muke wo mu rutiba!

2.Kugeza ibitekerezo ku baturage

Muri politiki, ibitekerezo by’ishyaka iyo bitazwi n’abaturage, ngo babyibonemo cyangwa se babinenge (kubinenga ni gihamya y’uko babizi), biba bitabaho. Dukore umwitozo muto. Ese hari uzi gutandukanya umurongo wa PSD n’uwa PDC cyangwa PDI? Ese ni abanyarwanda bangahe bazi icyo rimwe muri yo ryazana kitaturuka ku bandi? Muri politiki, umurongo w’ishyaka iyo utazwi n’abaturage uba ntawo.

3.Umurongo wa politiki ugira abawurwanya

Iki ni ngenzi. Kugira abawurwanya bifite agaciro kayingayinga ako kugira abawushyigikiye. Twabonye ko politiki ibereyeho gucunga amakimbirane ari muri kamere muntu. Ni yo mpamvu muri politiki iyo uvuze ngo ndashaka iki, biba bisobanuye ko hari ikindi wanze. Iyo ufite umurongo wa politiki, uba uvuga uti twe tubona igihugu cyayoborwa gitya. Mu buryo buziguye (indirectement), uba uvuze ngo twanze ko kiyoborwa kuriya. Abashyigikiye uwo murongo wundi barakwamagana. Burya rero guhangana biri muri kamere ya demokarasi. Gusa ni uguhanganisha imishinga n’ibitekerezo (Débat-tre). Aha wahahera wumva bimwe nakomojeho ko habaho amashyaka atagira umurongo wa politiki. Muratinye ishyaka ritagira urirwanya. Ese ye, waba warigeze wumva umuntu urwanya ibitekerezo bya PSD, PDC, PDI…Impamvu iroroshye. Wabinenga utabizi? Ese wabimenya wenda bitanabaho? Muri politiki abantu bahanganisha ibitekerezo. Bimwe mu biranga utabifite ni ukutagira abamunenga no gutinya kujya ahabona ngo ajye impaka n’abandi.

4.Ibitekerezo bidapfa

Umurongo wa politiki ni ibitekerezo bikomeza kubaho n’ababitangije batakiri ho. Reka ntange urugero.

Iyo uvuze LUNARI na PARMEHUTU, utungurwa n’uko abato babyiruka bazi kuyatandukanya kurusha uko basobanukiwe n’amashyaka y’ubu. Ibitekerezo byayo byabaye uruhererekane kandi byambukiranyije ibisekuru (générations). Ibya UNAR biracyariho muri FPR nyuma y’imyaka 50. Ibya PARMEHUTU na byo ntaho byagiye.

III. UMURONGO WA POLITIKI WA LUNARI  n’uwa PARMEHUTU

Icyo amashyaka ya politiki abereyeho, ni uguhuriza hamwe ababyumva kimwe. Hari ikintu rero gitangaza. Hafi ya hose muri politiki, hakunze kubaho imirongo ibiri mikuru ihanganye mu mashyaka anyuranye: Muri Leta Zunze ubumwe z’Amerika hari Democrates na Republicains. Mu Burayi hakaba Gauche na Droite. Mu bihugu by’abayisilamu hakaba Partis Religieux na Partis Laïcs. N’iyo habayeho andi mashyaka, bayareba bahereye kuri ibyo bice byombi, ukumva ngo Centre-Gauche cyangwa Extrème-Droite.

Mu by’ukuri, kuri buri ngingo ireba sosiyete, haba hari ibyifuzo n’ibitekerezo binyuranye. Gusa, muri politiki buri wese akenera gufatanya n’abandi ngo bahuze ingufu. Iyo kamere ya politiki ituma bya bitekerezo bitatanye bigenda byiyegeranya, hagasigara imirongo migari ibiri ihanganye. Muri politiki babyita “convergence à la médiane”. No mu Rwanda ni uko.

Mu ntangiro, havutse amashyaka anyuranye, nyamara byaje kurangira yibumbiye mu bice bibiri. Umurongo wa Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi urangajwe imbere na MDR-Parmehutu, hakaba n’umurongo w’Ubwami bushingiye ku bisekuru, amoko n’imiryango, ushyigikiwe na UNAR (si yo yawutangije, yavutse isanga umaze ibinyejana, iwugira uwayo mu ruhando rw’amashyaka).

Ishyaka MDR

ec523cbce8

Perezida Dominiko MBONYUMUTWA

Kenshi dukunze kuryita MDR-PARMEHUTU. Ryashinzwe tariki 9 ukwakira 1959 ryitwa PARMEHUTU (Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu), riyobowe na grégoire Kayibanda. Inama rusange yabereye i Gitarama taliki ya 28 Gicurasi 1960, yarihinduriye izina ryitwa M.D.R (Mouvement Démocratique Républicain). Nyamara kuko izina rya mbere ryari ryaramaze gufata, ntiryazimiye, ahubwo abantu mu mvugo bahise barihuza n’irishya baranabicurika bibyara MDR-PARMEHUTU. Nyamara izina “officiel” guhera muri 1960 ni MDR.

Ishyaka UNAR

kigeli_rwanda

Umwami Kigeli V NDAHINDURWA

Ryavutse taliki ya 3 Nzeri 1959, ryitwa L’Union Nationale Rwandaise, riyobowe na François RUKEBA.

Reka noneho turebe igitandukanya Ubwami na Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi, biradufasha kumva aho UNAR na MDR-Parmehutu zari zitaniye. Iyi mirongo ibiri ya politiki wayirebera ku bintu byinshi ariko turafatamo bitatu by’ingenzi biranga amashyaka muri rusange:

(1)Icyo rigamije;

(2)Abo ryubakiyeho

(3)Icyerekezo cya sosiyete riharanira.

 

Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi:Umurongo wa MDR-Parmehutu Ubwami:Umurongo wa UNAR
Icyo rigamije. Kurwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo. Kurwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo.
Abo ryubakiyeho. Ishyaka ryubakiye ku mbaraga za rubanda rugufi (parti populaire). Ishyaka ryubakiye kuri bake bifite (parti d’élite).
Icyerekezo cya sosiyete riharanira. Ubutegetsi butangwa. Ubutegetsi butunzwe.
Ubutegetsi bufunguriye bose. Ubutegetsi bufite ba nyirabwo.
Isaranganwa ry’ibyiza by’igihugu ryubakiye ku nzego n’amategeko. Ukwikubira ibyiza by’igihugu kubakiye kuri “kamere” n’umurage.

 

(1)Ku ngingo ya mbere, UNAR na MDR byari mahwi.

Bombi bwarwaniraga ishyaka ibitekerezo byabo. Ntibaharaniraga mbere na mbere imyanya mu butegetsi. Urwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo aba abikomeyeho, ku buryo unamubwiye ngo umuhe ubutegetsi ariko abizibukire, cyangwa se ubumuhe mu nzira zibonetse zose, atagukundira. Aha PARMEHUTU na UNAR zari zihahuriye. Buri shyaka ryari rifite umurongo wa politiki riharanira kandi ridakozwa ibyo kuwutatira. Iyo MDR-Parmehutu iza kuba iharanira imyanya mu butegetsi, byari korohera Umwami kuyitamika iyo myanya ubundi bakaruca bakarumira cyangwa bagacikamo ibice. Si ko byagenze.

UNAR na yo iyo iza kuba iharanira ubutegetsi, yari kujya mu matora, cyane ko, nk’uko Musenyeri Alexis Kagame abivuga mu gitabo cye1, yari kwegukana amajwi atari make. Si ko byagenze rero. Ahubwo UNAR yahisemo kubitera umugongo (boycot)inashishikariza abayoboke bayo kutitabira amatora kuko yumvaga bihabanye n’umurongo wayo wa politiki.

Igikomeye ariko ni ukumva icyateraga aya mashyaka yombi kwitwara gutya.

PARMEHUTU ntiyaharaniraga ubutegetsi. Yari izi ko umunsi rubanda bumvise umurongo wayo wa politiki, bakawibonamo, bazabuyiha ku mudendezo, kuko ari bo ba nyirabwo.

LUNARI ntiyaharaniraga ubutegetsi kuko yari izi ko ari ubwayo, ko gutegeka biri muri kamere yayo. Ntawe uharanira ibiri ibye. Ibi biratugeza ku ngingo ya kabiri n’iya gatatu (abo ishyaka ryubakiyeho n’ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi).

(2)Ingingo ya kabiri ireberwaho amashyaka ni abo yubakiyeho.

MDR-Parmehutu yari ishyaka ryubakiye ku baturage baciye bugufi (parti populaire). Kuko rero abo ari bo bari benshi mu gihugu, ni ho havuye kwitwa ishyaka rya rubanda nyamwinshi. Yatangijwe n’abantu baciye bugufi, badasanzwe mu butegetsi, bityo rubanda rukabibonamo, kuko babaga basangiye “ukwigizwayo “.

UNAR yo yarimo abatware n’abandi basanzwe mu butegetsi bwa cyami. Bari bafite amaboko yandi atari abaturage bato: icyubahiro, igitinyiro, intwaro, ubukungu, ubuhake n’amateka. Ubutegetsi bari babusanganywe kandi bizeye kubugumana, kuko ingengabitekerezo ya cyami yigishaga ko hari abavukiye gutegeka n’abavukiye kuyoboka. Ko igihugu kidashobora kubaho kidafite umwami. Aha hatwumvisha impamvu UNAR yateye umugongo iby’amatora. Hari uwihuta akavuga ko UNAR yanze amatora kuko yanze kuyoborana cyangwa kuyoborwa n’Abahutu. Ni byo kandi si byo. Harimo akagobeko (c’est subtil). Ibaze nawe umaze imyaka 400 bakumvisha ko wavukiye gutegeka naho ba kanaka bakaba baravukiye kuyoboka, bwacya ngo jya gupiganirwa na bo ubutegetsi! Ari wowe se wapfa kubyumva? UNAR yumvaga ari ugucurika ibintu.

Iyi ngingo y’abo amashyaka yubakiyeho yanadufasha kumva icyo benshi bibeshyaho ngo amashyaka UNAR na MDR-Parmehutu yavanguraga amoko. Si byo.

Ikiri ukuri ni uko muri UNAR hari higanjemo abatutsi, naho muri MDR-Parmehutu hakiganzamo Abahutu(rubanda rugufi). Nyamara ibi ntibyaturutse ku bushake bwo kuvangura. Byarikoze. MDR-Parmehutu yari ishyaka riharanira rubanda rugufi, kandi muri rwo abenshi bakaba abahutu. Nyamara ntiyangaga Abatutsi. Ubishidikanya azabaze impamvu Paul Kagame na Bernard Makuza ari ababyara. UNAR yari ishyaka ry’abari mu butegetsi bwa cyami kandi abenshi bakaba abatutsi, ariko yarimo n’abahutu. Ubishidikanya azabaze ba Rukeba, Michel Rwagasana n’abandi. Uyu Rwagasana yari umuvandimwe wa Gerigori Kayibanda kwa se wabo.

(3)Ingingo ya gatatu aya mashyaka atandukaniyeho ni icyerekezo cya sosiyete.

Nk’uko twabikomojeho, MDR-Parmehutu yaharaniraga Repubulika ishingiye kuri demokarasi. Iki cyerekezo cya sosiyete kirangwa n’uko ubutegetsi butangwa. Utegeka akaba azi ko ubutegetsi atari ubwe, ko yabuhawe, kuko ari ubw’abaturage, kandi ko bashobora kubumwaka bakabuha undi. Ubu butegetsi rero buba bufunguriye bose.

Ku rundi ruhande, UNAR yari igizwe n’abasanganwe ubutegetsi kandi bazi ko ari cyo bavukiye (gutegeka). Iyi myumvire tuyisanga n’ahandi ku isi. Utegeka akaba azi ko ubutegetsi abutunze. Ashobora kuba yarabuvukanye (umwami), yaraburazwe (igikomangoma), cyangwa yarabufashe ku ngufu (umusirikari). Ni yo mpamvu buba bugomba kugarukira ku babutunze. Kuri ba nyirabwo. Undi se yavuga ko abushaka nka nde? Aha haratwumvisha nyine impamvu UNAR yirinze kujya mu mahiganwa y’amatora . Abari bayigize bari barabyirutse bazi ko ubutegetsi ari ingarigari yabo. Byari bigoye kubumvisha ko bajya kubupiganirwa. Kandi nta wabarenganya,koko se hari upiganirwa ibiri ibye? Icyo batamenye ni uko ibihe byari byarahindutse!

Imirongo ya politiki ya MDR na UNAR yaranyuranyaga na none ku cyashingirwaho mu kugira uruhare ku byiza by’igihugu.

Umurongo wa MDR washakaga isaranganywa rishingiye ku buringanire bw’abenegihugu bose(égalité) no ku rwego rwa buri wese(mérite). Mbese hakabaho amategeko agena icyo buri wese afitiye uburenganzira. Iri ni ryo shingiro rya Repubulika na demokarasi.

Ku rundi ruhande, umurongo w’ubwami UNAR yarwaniraga, uvuga ko uburenganzira bukwiye gushingira ku cyo abawushyigikiye baba bita “kamere”(statu quo). Ni ukuvuga ngo ibintu tubirekere uko biri , ni ko Imana yabishatse. Yashatse ko bamwe bavuka ari abatware, abandi bakaba abagaragu. Biri muri kamere. Kubihindagura bikaba ugucurika ibintu. Abatware nibakomeze bayobore kandi bayobokwe kuko ni cyo bavukiye. Abandi nibakomeze bayoboke kandi bahakwe kuko ni cyo bavukiye, bizahore bityo imitaga itazima izuba.

IV. N’UBU RUKIGERETSE.

Iyi mirongo ibiri ya politiki iracyageretse kugeza magingo aya mu Rwanda.

1.Kuba FPR ari UNAR NSHYA byo si umugani.

Mwibuke ko mu ntangiro zayo yitwaga RANU, ni ukuvuga UNAR mu mpine y’icyongereza. Gusa rero uko gusa no gusabirana ntibyagarukiye mu mazina gusa. Witegereje ibikorwa usanga ari wa murongo wa UNAR ukomeje….

Edmond Munyangaju

BIRACYAZA…

Avis aux lecteurs: Nos articles peuvent être reproduits à condition de citer le nom d’auteur et le site web source.                                                                                                           Notice to readers: Our articles may be reproduced provided the author’s name and the source website are cited.

RDC : au moins 274 civils tués et 200.000 déplacés par la flambée de violence dans l’Ituri.

Leave a reply

Au moins 274 civils ont été tués et plus de 200.000 personnes forcées de fuir leur foyer durant ces trois derniers mois dans la province de l’Ituri, en République démocratique du Congo, a indiqué vendredi 8 mai l’Agence des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (HCR). L’agence onusienne, qui est alarmée par la hausse de ces violentes attaques, signale que près de 50 attaques sont menées contre la population locale en moyenne chaque jour.

« Les personnes déplacées ont signalé des actes de violence extrême, avec au moins 274 civils ayant été tués au moyen d’armes comme des machettes », a déclaré un porte-parole du HCR, Charlie Yaxley, lors d’une conférence de presse virtuelle le même vendredi à Genève.

Plus de 140 femmes auraient été violées et près de 8.000 maisons ont été incendiées. Dans cette province de l’Ituri, le HCR et ses partenaires ont enregistré plus de 3.000 violations graves des droits humains dans le territoire de Djugu au cours des 60 derniers jours.

Tant les personnes déplacées que leurs hôtes sont vulnérables aux attaques et contre-attaques survenant de façon répétitive ainsi qu’à la violence continue. Certains déplacés, qui avaient tenté un retour chez eux, ont été de nouveau la cible d’attaques des groupes armés.

Le 24 avril, quatre rapatriés ont été tués dans la ville de Nyangaray, tandis qu’une vingtaine de familles ont été enlevées par un groupe armé. Dans le territoire de Mahagi, deux personnes déplacées de retour auraient été enterrées vivantes par un groupe d’hommes armés, après avoir été accusées d’avoir volé l’équivalent de 6 dollars.

Selon le Haut-Commissariat de l’ONU pour les réfugiés, les tensions sont en hausse depuis décembre 2019 lors du lancement d’une opération militaire dirigée par le gouvernement contre divers groupes armés semant la terreur dans la région. La violence a explosé depuis la mi-mars, alors que le nombre de contre-attaques menées par des groupes armés s’est multiplié.

L’accès humanitaire à Djugu et Mahagi fortement restreint

Cette dernière vague de violence a poussé des milliers de personnes à se déplacer à l’intérieur de leur pays. Et conformément aux tendances antérieures, la grande majorité des personnes déplacées sont des femmes et des enfants.

« Ils vivent désormais dans des conditions de surpeuplement au sein de familles d’accueil », rappelle M. Yaxley. D’autres dorment en plein air ou dans des bâtiments publics, comme des écoles qui ne sont actuellement pas utilisées pour les classes en raison des mesures de lutte contre la pandémie de Covid-19.

Par ailleurs, ces attaques empêchent les organismes humanitaires d’atteindre les personnes qui ont désespérément besoin d’aide.  L’accès humanitaire aux territoires de Djugu et de Mahagi est fortement restreint. Les principales routes reliant la capitale de la province, Bunia, au territoire de Djugu, ont été complètement fermées pendant près de trois semaines en avril, et demeurent encore trop incertaines pour les transports de matériel de secours.

Le HCR craint que le manque d’aide humanitaire n’ait un impact désastreux, car les possibilités de sources de revenus sont aujourd’hui réduites du fait de la pandémie de Covid-19. La faim pose également un risque réel du fait de la hausse des prix alimentaires en raison de l’approvisionnement limité dans ces deux territoires.

Le HCR et ses partenaires travaillent à fournir des articles de secours et à construire davantage d’abris pour les nouveaux déplacés. Toutefois, les sites de déplacés internes deviennent rapidement surpeuplés en raison du grand nombre de nouveaux arrivants et du nombre limité de terrains disponibles.

Selon l’agence onusienne, cinq millions de personnes sont aujourd’hui déracinées en RDC, dont 1,2 million dans la seule province de l’Ituri.

Avec ONU info.

https://www.radiookapi.net/

Avis aux lecteurs: Nos articles peuvent être reproduits à condition de citer le nom d’auteur et le site web source.                                                                                         Notice to readers: Our articles may be reproduced provided the author’s name and the source website are cited.

RDC : Thomas Lubanga appelle les miliciens de la CODECO à déposer les armes

Leave a reply

Thomas Lubanga, l’ex-leader du groupe armé Union de patriotes congolais (UPC) demande au groupe armé CODECO de cesser les violences qui retardent le développement de la province de l’Ituri. Au cours d’un point de presse tenu jeudi 7 mai à Kinshasa, il a exhorté ces hommes armés à privilégier les valeurs culturelles pouvant unir les fils du territoire de Djugu qui parlent la même langue maternelle.

Dans sa déclaration, Thomas Lubanga fustige le revirement actuel de la situation sécuritaire en Ituri, qui ressemble au drame du début des années 2000 caractérisé par des tueries de civils et militaires, l’incendie de villages, des écoles et des structures sanitaires.

Selon lui, ces actes ignobles sont contraires à la dénomination de ce groupe armé, qui se veut une Coopérative de développement du Congo. Ils entravent plutôt la croissance de l’Ituri.

Selon ses propos, presque toutes les victimes d’atrocités commises par ces hommes armés sont leurs frères avec qui ils partagent le même sang, la même langue et une même histoire. Ils boivent les eaux du même puits et ont étudié dans les mêmes écoles.

Il a ainsi lancé un appel à ces miliciens à revenir au bon sens et à déposer les armes pour la reconstruction du pays.

Cet ancien seigneur de guerre de l’Ituri félicite enfin la majorité des habitants de la province, qui ont refusé de prendre les armes pour se défendre et se remettre au gouvernement de la RDC pour assurer leur protection.

Dans son adresse, il a remercié le gouvernement pour son effort et la détermination du chef de l’Etat en vue de restaurer la paix en Ituri.

https://www.radiookapi.net

Avis aux lecteurs: Nos articles peuvent être reproduits à condition de citer le nom d’auteur et le site web source.                                                                                         Notice to readers: Our articles may be reproduced provided the author’s name and the source website are cited.

Politiki: Mu Rwanda hariho imirongo ibiri ya Politiki, uwa Lunari n’uwa Parmehutu (Igice cya mbere)

1 Reply

Hashize igihe kirekire abantu basaba bashimitse ko amashyaka ya “opposition” nyarwanda yakwiyunga agafatanyiriza hamwe guhindura ubutegetsi mu Rwanda. Ababivuga babiterwa n’uko bumva byahuriza hamwe ingufu ubu zitataniye mu mashyaka anyuranye atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwa FPR. Ni icyifuzo cyiza. Ndagira ngo turebere hamwe ireme ry’iki gitekerezo n’ingaruka zacyo.  Kugira ngo twumve akamaro cyangwa ingorane zo kwishyira hamwe, dutangire tureba abajya muri politiki ari bantu ki.

 1. Kuki abantu bajya muri politiki?

Icya mbere ngira ngo tubanze duhigike ni ya mareshyamugeni ngo umuntu WESE wiyemeza gukora politiki abiterwa no gushaka kwitangira abandi. Ubushakashatsi bwose bwerekana ko iki ari ikinyoma. Ikimenyimenyi ni uko benshi mu bavuga ko bajyanywe muri politiki no kwitangira abandi, usanga mu buzima busanzwe wenda atari na ba bantu babangukirwa no gufasha. Ugasanga mu buzima bwabo batarafungurira umushonji n’umwe, batazi icyo kurera imfubyi ari cyo, n’ibindi. Ubushakashatsi rero bwo bwerekana ko kenshi abantu bajyanwa muri politiki n’impamvu ebyiri. Gushaka ubutegetsi (power seeking) no kurwanira ishyaka ibitekerezo byabo (policy seeking). Muri make rero, ujya muri politiki aba abifitemo inyungu. Ushaka ubutegetsi aba ashaka ibyubahiro, amakuzo, ubukire n’ibindi bijyana na bwo. Urwanira ibitekerezo aba yumva igihugu hari uburyo kigomba kuyoborwamo. Iyo abigezeho, na we yumva bimuhaye agaciro imbere y’umutimanama we n’imbere y’abandi.

Kuba abantu bajyanwa muri politiki no gushaka ziriya nyungu zombi dusobanuye, hari uwabyita inenge. Si byo. Ahubwo ni byiza. Umunyapolitiki ubyemera aba ari inyangamugayo kandi avugisha ukuri. Aba ari n’umugabo. Hari abashima ubabeshya ko ngo nta nyungu akurikiye. Rubanda irashukika. Ubwabyo ni ikibazo kujya mu bintu bitagira inyungu. Gusa rero inyungu ziri kwinshi. Ntituzigarukirize ku mafaranga n’ubukungu nk’uko bamwe babikora. Burya n’ugiye kwiha Imana muri wa muryango w’ababikira bita ku ndembe, haba hari inyungu akurikiye: umukiro wa roho n’ubugingo bw’iteka. Umunyapolitiki uvuga ko nta nyungu akurikiye, iyo atari umubeshyi aba ari indindagire. Hari na none uwambaza ati “none se uwo muntu ukurikiranye inyungu ze yagirira ate igihugu n’abaturage akamaro?”. Iyo ashaka ubutegetsi, yita ku byo abaturage bifuza kuko ni bo ba nyirabwo. Na bo rero bamuhundagazaho amajwi. Mbese ni mpa nguhe. Iyo arwanira ibitekerezo, akora uko ashoboye ngo yumvishe abaturage agaciro kabyo, bamuhe amajwi, abishyire mu bikorwa. Ng’uko uko umunyapolitiki ukurikiye inyungu bwite ahindukira akagirira abaturage akamaro.

 2. Abanyapolitiki bacu wabashyira mu kihe cyiciro?

Ukuri ntikwica umutumirano, reka mbivuge. Ingorane u Rwanda rwahuye na yo ni uko rwagize abanyapolitiki badakurikiranye inyungu. Biragoye kumenya icyo bakurikiranye, ariko nshidikanya niba bo baba bakizi. Muti gute ? Duhereye ku kurwanira ibitekerezo, biragoye kumenya umurongo w’abanyapolitiki b’abanyarwanda. Umurongo wa politiki ntituwitiranye n’izina ry’ishyaka. Umurongo wa politiki ni ukugira ibitekerezo kandi abaturage bagasobanurirwa uburyo byahindura imibereho yabo. Reka ntange urugero.

Tumaze imyaka irenga 26 dufite ishyaka ryitwa PSD,ngo riharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage. Jya rero mu giturage ubaze umuturage niba arizi. Umubaze niba yaritora n’icyo aritezeho. Ese ni abanyarwanda bangahe bazi icyo PSD yabazanira kitazanwa na FPR, PDC cyangwa PDI?. Muri politiki, umurongo w’ishyaka iyo utazwi n’abaturage (ntitwitiranye kuwumenya no kuwibonamo) uba ntawo. Ikindi kiranga umurongo uhamye w’ibitekerezo, ni ukuba uruhererekane hagati y’ibisekuru. Abiyita ibigugu muri politiki yacu mbanenga kuba nta babyiruka babagwa mu ntege. Byari kuba iyo bagira umurongo w’ibitekerezo uzwi. Bitabaye, biragoye kubajya inyuma utazi aho bagana.

Ushingiye kuri ibi, wasanga u Rwanda kugeza ubu rwaragize imirongo ibiri ya politiki: uwa Runari (UNAR) n’uwa MDR Parmehutu. Tuzabigenera akanya dusesengure iyo mirongo yombi, aho itandukaniye n’aho ishingiye. Gusa tutagiye kure, reka ntange ibimenyetso bitatu.

Iyo uvuze Runari cyangwa MDR, abantu bahita bakubita agatima ku bitekerezo n’imiterere y’ubutegetsi mbere yo kwibuka umuyobozi (Leader) runaka. Abenshi mu babyiruka ubu ushobora gusanga batanibuka abayashinze n’abayayoboye, ariko icyo yarwaniraga cyo barakizi. Iki ni ikimenyetso cy’uko muri ayo mashyaka ibitekerezo byarushaga agaciro amazina y’abayobozi. Iki ni icya mbere kiranga umurongo uhamye wa politiki.

Icya kabiri ni uko, ukoze ubushakashatsi, watungurwa n’uko abato babyiruka basobanukiwe na Runari cyangwa MDR kurusha uko basobanukiwe na PDC kandi ari yo yo muri iki gihe. Icyo ni ikimenyetso cya kabiri.

Icya gatatu ni uko ibitekerezo by’aya mashyaka byambukiranyije ibisekuru (générations). Ibya Lunari biracyariho muri FPR nyuma y’imyaka 50. Ibya MDR na byo ntaho byagiye. N’ubwo ubu nta shyaka ribihagarariye cyangwa ribyiyitirira, biraho bituje. Ikibigaragaza ni uko FPR, mu mikorere yayo, ni byo ihora yikanga, ikabihoza muri “target”. Muzarebe iyo ivuga ibya kamarampaka, rubanda nyamwinshi, ubwigenge n’ibindi byubatswe na MDR, icika ururondogoro.

Dore ikindi gitangaje abantu batitayeho. Nyuma ya jenoside, ishyaka twari twiteze ko risenywa imbere y’amategeko ni MRND, kuko yaregwaga jenoside. Nyamara si ko byagenze. FPR yihutiye gusenya MDR kuko izi ko ari yo ifite umurongo n’ibitekerezo bikomeye bishobora kuzayigora. MRND n’ubwo ubu idahari mu Rwanda, nyamara yo ntiyigeze iregwa mu mategeko ngo iseswe nk’ishyaka. Biratangaje. Ushaka rero kureba ingufu z’ibitekerezo bya MDR azarebe uburyo FPR-Inkotanyi ihora ibyikanga. Ngo ntawe utinya ijoro atinya icyo barihuriyemo. Twibutse ko FPR yatangiye yitwa RANU cyangwa UNAR mu gifaransa!

3. Itandukaniro hagati yo gushaka ubutegetsi no gushaka imyanya.

Ni byiza gutandukanya ibi bintu byombi. Umunyapolitiki ushaka ubutegetsi aba afite umurongo n’icyerekezo. Ushaka akanya aba ari umucanshuro. Ushaka ubutegetsi, agira umurongo wa politiki, agaharanira kuwumvisha abaturage ngo nibamutora awushyire mu bikorwa. Ushaka akanya, nta bitekerezo nta n’umurongo. Icyo apfa ni akanya. Akenshi, yisunga abafite ibitekerezo n’umurongo ngo arebe ko bamusagurira. Ngiyo indangagaciro ya byinshi mu byiyita amashyaka biri mu Rwanda muri iki gihe. Kuko nta murongo w’ibitekerezo, bahisemo kwiturira mu ibaba rya FPR, ngo amahanga abone ko ubutegetsi buhuriweho n’amashyaka menshi. FPR na yo yabemereye kutarisha ikiyiko, ahubwo ikajya irisha ikanya ngo hagire utuvungukira dutakara na bo bagire icyo bacyura. Iyi ndwara ariko ushishoje wayisanga no muri opposition.

  1. Amashyaka ya “hobe ibyansize” na “twihangire imirimo”.

Iyo abantu bageze mu buhungiro, ikibazo cya mbere bagira ni icyo kwakira imibereho mishya. Abakiri bato bo biraborohera kuko baba bakiyubaka. Abakuzeho gato, bahura n’ikibazo cyo kwibona muri sosiyete itabaha icyubahiro n’umwanya bari bamenyereye. Reba rero umuntu wari minisitiri cyangwa Jenerali akibona muri ka kumba bacumbikiramo impunzi, yakwaka akazi bakamuha ako kwakira abinjira (réceptioniste) mu nzu y’abasaza cyangwa gucunga umutekano mu isoko. Yatambuka agasanga ntawe umwitayeho kandi yari amenyeye kuramukanywa ibyubahiro. Munyumve neza nta kazi nsuzuguye. Gusa imyumvire yacu ya kinyarwanda n’uko twumva ibyubahiro biradukurikirana. Aha rero ni hamwe haturuka imisusire y’amashyaka yacu. Hari ayo umuntu yakwita “Hobe ibyansize” cyangwa“Twihangire Imirimo”. Ni ishyaka nshinga ngo ntibagirana kandi narigeze gukomera. Mba nteganya ko rimwe mu mwaka BBC izampamagara mu kiganiro mpaka, rimwe mu myaka ibiri tugakora inama, ubundi tugatanga itangazo kuri internet. Ibikorwa bya politiki bikagarukira aho. Iyo izina ryanjye barivuze nka rimwe mu mezi atandatu, numva nanjye nkiri mu ruhando ngo rwa politiki. Ubishidikanya, afate ishyaka rimaze imyaka nk’ 10 rivutse, arebe ibikorwa bya politiki rikora mu mwaka cyangwa ryakoze muri iyo myaka. Nanyomoza nzamushima. Amashyaka nk’aya ntaba agamije kurwanira ubutegetsi cyangwa se kurwanira ibitekerezo. Cyakoze rimwe na rimwe iyo akanya kabonetse ntakitesha. Ngiyo impamvu hari abarangiriza mu Rwanda kwihesha agaciro kandi nyamara batahwemaga gutuka FPR. N’abayituka ubu, ibemereye akanya, hari abarenze umwe bamanuka batakirwambaye.

Kera mu bayahudi, abanyapolitiki b’ukuri bari Abahanuzi. Umuhanuzi rero yagombaga kuba ari umuntu usanzwe yitunze. Impamvu kwari ukugira ngo hatazagira umucyurira ko yaje gushaka amaramuko. Umunsi umwe rero, Amasiya, umusaherezabitambo w’i Beteli, yigeze gushaka kubicyurira umuhanuzi Amosi. Amosi yahagaze yemye ati “mfite amasambu yanjye n’amatungo ahagije. Gusa Uhoraho yarambwiye ati bisige ujye guhanura. Ariko nari nitunze” (Am 7,14-15).

Ese ye, abanyapolitiki bacu mu buhungiro, ni bangahe bashobora gutanga igisubizo nk’iki hagize ubacyurira? Ni yo mpamvu FPR na yo ibihoza ku munwa, ibacyurira gushaka amaramuko. Opposition y’ukuri izatangira umunsi twagize abanyapolitiki bashobora nkwishongora nka Amosi, bati “twari twitunze, dufite akazi aka n’aka, dufite umwuga uyu n’uyu, ariko twarabiretse kuko twiyumvisemo umuhamagaro wo gukora politiki”. Aha rero ni ho hari ibanga ryo guhuza amashyaka ya opposition.

5. Guhuza amashyaka ya opposition.

Muri politiki, hari ibintu bibiri bituma amashyaka yishyira hamwe. Ni bya bindi n’ubundi navuze: gushaka ubutegetsi no kurwanira ibitekerezo.

Duhere ku mashyaka ashaka ubutegetsi. Ayangaya akunze kwishyira hamwe mu gihe cy’amatora. Ashobora kubikora mbere cyangwa nyuma ho gato. Mbere y’amatora, aba agira ngo adatatanya amajwi ahubwo ayakusanye ashobore kwegukana imyanya ihagije. Nyuma y’amatora, haba hari iryatsinze ariko ridafite amajwi ahagije ngo ritegeke ryonyine. Rishaka irindi byiyunga. Iri rishakisha irindi rito, rinyotewe ubutegetsi, ariko ridafite umurongo w’ibitekerezo ukomeye, kugirango ritazarigora mu guhitamo ibikorwa bya leta. Iyi ni inzira ya mbere opposition nyarwanda yakwihurizamo. Opozisiyo ishatse kujya mu matora, byaba byiza kwegeranya imbaraga. Bitabaye ibyo, kwiyunga wasanga ntacyo byunguye cyane.

Mu buryo bwa kabiri, amashyaka arwanira umurongo w’ibitekerezo yo ashobora kwiyunga igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Iyo abonye imirongo n’icyerekezo bijya hamwe, hari ubwo ahitamo gukorera hamwe kuko aba yegeranye mu myumvire. Iki rero ni cyo kibuze mu mashyaka ya opposition nyarwanda. Twatangiye tureba uburyo umurongo wayo wa politiki udasobanutse, amwe ndetse akaba atanawugira. Iyo rero abantu bavuga kwishyira hamwe, baba birengagije ko abishyira hamwe bagomba kuba hari ibyo bahuje.

Kugeza ubu, ikigaragara amashyaka ya opposition ahuriyeho ni ubushake bwo gutsinsura ubutegetsi bwa FPR. Gusa rero muri politiki ubushake bwo guhindura ubutegetsi ntibuhagije ngo abantu bishyire hamwe. Igikomeye ni icyo buri wese yumva yabusimbuza n’uburyo yabigeraho. Gukuraho ubutegetsi bwa FPR, ukabusimbuza Repubulika ishingiye ku mahame ya demokarasi, undi akabusimbuza ingoma ya ubwami(monarchie), ni imishinga ibiri inyuranye kuri byinshi.

Igikomeye kurushaho, ni uko hari n’amashyaka atari make agarukira kuri iyo ntambwe ya mbere: guhirika FPR. Ibindi ntubabaze. Byaragaragaye kenshi aho abantu barwanya ubutegetsi, bakabukuraho, nyuma bakayoberwa icyo babusimbuza, ugasanga ntaho bavuye ntaho bagiye. Muzitegereze Kongo nyuma ya Mobutu, Iraki nyuma ya Sadam, Misiri nyuma ya Mubarak n’ahandi.

Ikibazo cy’ukuri opposition nyarwanda ifite si amashyaka menshi cyangwa make. Yego ngo uburo bwinshi ntibugira umusururu, ariko na none ngo ingabo nyinshi ni izongeranya. Ikibazo cy’ukuri ni amashyaka (make cyangwa menshi) ariho ku izina, atagize icyo yunguye usibye gutera icyugazi no gutuma abatabizi bibeshya ngo hari ababitubereyemo, kandi byahe byo kajya! Ikibazo cy’ukuri ni amashyaka (make cyangwa menshi) adafite umurongo wa politiki, muri make atagize icyo amaze.

Hari umunyapolitiki wigeze gucyurira undi, ati:“nemera ko igihugu gikwiye kuyoborwa n’impaka z’ibitekerezo. Ikibazo gusa ni uko n’abadafite ibitekerezo bashaka gutera impaka”. Yarasaze agwa ku ijambo. Abashaka rero guhuza opposition nyarwanda nabagira inama yo kubanza kuyirema. Niba babona ihari, nabagira inama yo kuyicira (kuyikonorera) nk’uko bicira ikawa kuko yuzuye ibyonnyi. Ikibazo si uguhuza amashyaka menshi ya opposition, ikibazo ni ukumenya wahuza ayahe. Hari arenze rimwe azagira akamaro umunsi yasenyutse.

Umwanzuro wo kwisegura.

Ndabizi ko hari uri buntere ibuye ngo nakoze ishyano mvuga ko hari amashyaka ya opposition nyarwanda y’imburamumaro. Hari uwandenganya ngo nsuzuguye abanyapolitiki b’inararibonye kandi basaziye mu mwuga. Mbere yo kwihutira kuntera ibuye, banza unsubize iri hurizo: uburyo FPR yafashe ubutegetsi n’uburyo ibutengamayeho imyaka 26, nyamara idashyigikiwe n’abaturage, kandi ngo dufite inararibonye muri politiki n’amashyaka anigana. Nurangiza, ndatega umutwe. Ntuntere ibuye gusa, ahubwo ndemera ufate n’intosho. Umunyapolitiki Machiavel ni we wanditse ati “ibiriho n’ibyakagombye kubaho birahabanye cyane, ku buryo umuntu wirengagiza ibiriho aba agana ahabi (la distance entre la réalité et l’idéal est tellement grande que celui qui ferme les yeux sur ce qui est, apprends plutôt sa perte que sa survie). Ukuri nguko. Kurarura, ariko guca mu ziko ntigushye.

 Edmond Munyangaju.

BIRACYAZA….

Avis aux lecteurs: Nos articles peuvent être reproduits à condition de citer le nom d’auteur et le site web source.                                                                                                           Notice to readers: Our articles may be reproduced provided the author’s name and the source website are cited.

COVID-19/ RDC : plusieurs détenus dont Vital Kamerhe bénéficieront d’une liberté provisoire.

Leave a reply

Le Conseil des ministres a instruit lundi 4 mai le vice-Premier ministre, ministre de la Justice, de prendre « immédiatement », en concertation avec le ministre des Droits humains, les mesures de désengorgement urgent des prisons avec le concours des services judiciaires compétents.

Le Conseil estime que la contamination au niveau des prisons risque d’être un facteur de propagation à grande échelle en RDC, en particulier si la prison de Makala devrait être concernée, en raison de son surpeuplement.

Parmi les pistes explorées, il y a la voie de libération conditionnelle, de liberté provisoire à accorder aux personnes privées de liberté mais ne présentant aucun risque à l’instar du Directeur de Cabinet du Chef de l’Etat, Vital Kemerhe, ainsi que les personnes condamnées à des peines mineures.

Le ministre de la Défense a été instruit, quant à lui, d’instruire sans délai les auditorats militaires d’aller dans le même sens, pour ce qui concerne les militaires.

Le Président de la République pourrait user de son droit de grâce, sous les observations exigeantes du ministre des Droits humains rappelant les recommandations des instances internationales à ce sujet, indique le compte-rendu du Conseil des ministres.

Radio Okapi

Ce petit virus qui n’en fait qu’à sa tête!

Leave a reply

Aussi loin que je me souvienne, la notion de calamité ramenait toujours à l’Afrique. On s’était habitués à voir ce continent frappé des pires maux et tout au long des décennies, c’était une litanie de coups d’Etats et d’assassinats politiques, de guerres civiles, de faim, de sécheresses, de tremblements de terre, d’inondations, de terribles maladies telles que la malaria ou des virus calamiteux tels que ceux du Sida ou d’Ebola.

Les médias de la mondialisation n’étaient pas en reste pour ancrer en nous l’image d’un continent malade où rien de positif ne pouvait arriver. D’ailleurs, ils ne faisaient pas de différence entre les pays du continent que beaucoup considèrent toujours comme un seul pays nommé Afrique.

Puis un jour, tout sembla subitement déraper…

Ce n’était plus la seule Afrique qui était concernée par les catastrophes naturelles, mais le monde entier prenait sa part du fardeau. On vit le 26 décembre 2004 un terrible tsunami frapper l’Asie et les pays de l’océan indien pour s’arrêter miraculeusement sur les rivages de l’Afrique de l’Est, puis en août 2005, ce fut le tour du cyclone Katrina d’ensevelir sous les eaux la ville de la Nouvelle Orléans aux États-Unis d’Amérique. Ensuite, ce fut en 2011 la catastrophe nucléaire de Fukushima que la troisième puissance économique du monde fut incapable d’arrêter. Les terribles images qui défilèrent pendant des semaines sur les télévisions du monde entier sont encore vivaces dans nos mémoires. Enfin on vit un pays continent comme l’Australie tétanisé pendant des mois face aux incroyables incendies qui décimaient sa faune et sa flore jusqu’à ce que l’arrivée providentielle de la pluie arrête le désastre.

La nature ne voudrait-elle pas nous donner un coup de semonce, afin que chacun comprenne bien que nous sommes une seule et unique espèce humaine qui devra payer collectivement les pots cassés, si rien n’est fait pour changer nos dispendieuses habitudes qui mènent notre planète vers une inévitable catastrophe ?

Et maintenant nous voici en face de ce terrible Coronavirus qui se répand sans discriminer dans le monde entier!

Le problème avec ce virus, c’est qu’il semble tout faire de travers. Au lieu de frapper les pays sous-développés sans structures sanitaires, sans masques et sans tests, il s’en prend en priorité aux grandes puissances telles que la Chine, l’Europe occidentale et la puissante Amérique. Cela semble d’autant plus étonnant que ce sont ces pays qui possèdent les centres de recherche sur les virus les plus sophistiqués au monde et nombre de personnes soupçonnent, à tort ou à raison, ces laboratoires sophistiqués d’ être à l’origine du coronavirus. Le monstre aurait en quelque sorte échappé à ses créateurs!

Cependant, bien que l’Afrique semble avoir été relativement épargnée jusqu’à présent, on s’étonne que depuis des mois les spécialistes de ces pays nous alarment sur une catastrophe imminente que ce virus ferait peser sur le continent africain. D’où, comme à l’accoutumée, l’urgence d’essayer dans les plus brefs délais de nouveaux vaccins contre le coronavirus sur les populations africaines. Pourtant la sagesse populaire ne s’y trompe pas: « Charité bien ordonnée commence par soi-même ».

Ce qui semble le plus déranger, c’est que ce virus semble introduire un nouvel ordre mondial de la souffrance où personne ne semble être épargné. Ce virus est, comme disait Diogène à Alexandre le Grand à propos de la mort, l’Egalisateur universel.

Martin Ukobizaba

https://www.musabyimana.net

 

Akana Alice mu buzima bushaririye no gukama ikimasa!

1 Reply

Tumaze iminsi tubona umukobwa wa Nsekalije Aloys witwa Akana Alice yitakuma ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nka facebook avuga ibigwi FPR na Kagame. Yigira Inkotanyi kurusha iz’amarere z’ikubitiro. Agira ibitutsi n’ugushyanuka birenze urugero. Ariko bigatuma abantu bibaza impamvu atajya i Kigali cyane ko avuga ko igihugu kiyobowe neza! Twashatse abamuzi batubwira iby’ubuzima bwe. Buteye agahinda! Inkuru irambuye turayigezwaho n’umukunzi wacu.

Akana alice ni muntu ki?

Alice AKANA yavukiye i Kigali tariki ya 18 Mata 1972 avuka ari umwana wa 6 mu bana 8 b’umugore mukuru wa Colonel NSEKALIJE Aloys.
Amashuri abanza yayigiye i Kigali ayisumbuye ayakomereza ku Nyundo. Jenoside yo mu 1994 yabaye Akana atararangiza amashuri yisumbuye, aza kuyarangiriza ku kindi kigo. Nyuma yaje guhungira i Nairobi muri Kenya asanga yo  bamwe mu bo bavukanye bari baranze gusanga ababyeyi babo mu Rwanda. Muri iki gihe mu bo bavukana, abakobwa babiri batuye mu Bubiligi, umwe atuye muri Canada (Quebec), umwe atuye mu Buholandi, umwe mu Busuwisi. Musaza we witwa Fidèle Mitsindo atuye mu Rwanda akaba avugwaho kwica no kwicisha abantu benshi mu yahoze ari amakomini ya Karago na Giciye. Undi mwana wabo w’umuhugu yitabye Imana.

fb_img_1501325551678Akana Alice na musaza we , Mitsindo Fidèle bamamaza Kagame mu 2017.

Akana Alice afite abana 3 yabyaranye n’abagabo 3 batandukanye. Inda y’umuhungu we mukuru yayitwariye i Nairobi muri Kenya, ariko umwana yavukiye mu Butaliyani. Akana alice yageze mu Butaliyani ahunze ariko yibwira ko asanze se w’umwana, kuko we yari yarahageze mbere. Uwo musore, se w’umwana mukuru wa Akana akaba mwene wabo wa Perezida Habyarimana. Akana akihagera, umusore yamuteye utwatsi, kandi ni mu gihe kuko i Nairobi Akana yari azwiho kuryamana n’abagabo benshi batandukanye mu gihe kimwe. Ngo yagiraga ubuntu butangaje cyane!

Ibyo bibaye, Akana yahise ayabangira ingata ahungira mu bu Bubiligi aho yakiriwe n’inshuti za Nsekalije zirimo Bwana Ndagijimana Emmanuel bita Idi Amini, Karake, n’abandi benewabo bakomoka ahitwaga mu Bushiru, ariko cyane cyane bene wabo wa Perezida Habyarimana. Icyamuranze cyane ni ubumenyi buke mu kwita no kurera ako kana ke k’agahungu kari kakiri gato. Imyaka ya mbere, Akana yabanye cyane n’imiryango y’abahoze ku butegetsi mbere ya 1994 ariko ashishikajwe cyane no kuba yababonamo  umugabo. Aha twavuga cyane cyane abana ba Habyarimana, Kabuga, Nsanzimana Sylvestre, n’abandi. Kuba na bo barakomeje kumutera utwatsi biri mu byatumye buhoro buhoro agenda arushaho kwiheba, dore ko uko yagendaga asaza ari na ko yarushagaho kugira uburanga budakurura abasore.

Mu kurwanya uko kwiheba, Akana yatangiye gushakishiriza mu madini y’inzaduka y’abarokore  ndetse agera no mu madini akorana bya hafi na FPR, aza kwisanga atagiterwa isoni no kwiyita Inkotanyi! N’ubu aracyakomeje kwiyita ko asenga Yesu ariko byose bikajyana n’ibitutsi n’amagambo y’urukozasoni yirirwa yandika ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Uburere yigeze kugira FPR yabumukamuyemo, imugira intore ariko y’intoraguramayugi!

Yigeze gukora amasezerano yo kubana akaramata (mariage) n’umugabo w’umuzungu babana ahitwa Ottignies mu Bubiligi ariko ntibatinze gutandukana kubera ya ngeso yo gushurashura y’i Nairobi.  Umwana babyaranye, ubucamanza bwaramumwambuye bumuha se kubera imyitwarire mibi ya nyina.

Akana afite umwana muto w’umukobwa yirirwa yirukankana hirya no hino ku buryo na we ashobora kumwamburwa. Haracyashakishwa uwamwakira cyane ko ise umubyara yanze kumwemera kandi n’abandi bakobwa ba Nsekalije badashobora kumufata kubera  impamvu zabo bwite.

Imibereho ikarishye

Akana Alice yageze mu Burayi afite imyaka 25 ariko kuva icyo gihe ntiyigeze agira ka formation na kamwe akora, bityo nta kazi na kamwe yigeze agira kugeza magingo aya. Bimwe mu byamuranze akigera mu Bubiligi ni ukuntu yavugaga hirya no hino ko Nsekalije yaraguriwe kuzaba Président w’u Rwanda! Izo ndagu zatumye azenguruka abapfumu (marabout) bose n’aba voyants b’i Buruseli ! Bose kandi ngo bamubwiraga ko izo ndagu ari zo, na we si ugutyaza amenyo no kurya umunyu karahava!

Kubera gushaka kubaho bidahuye n’ubushobozi bwe, byagiye bituma akenshi yirukanwa mu nzu yari acumbikiwemo za HLM (habitation à loyer modéré)  maze akajyanwa mu mazu azwi nka “maisons d’accueil” ashoreranye n’utwo twana twe.

Umuhungu we mukuru byamuviriyemo guhagarika amashuri yisumbuye kugeza  n’ubu akaba akomeje guhangayikisha abigeze kumumenya cyane cyane ko atakibana na nyina. Uyu ni we Akana yatangarije ku ma radio  na televiziyo i Kigali ko ngo yifuza kujya kwibera mu Rwanda! Imibereho yo mu Bubiligi ntiyamuhiriye kubera guhora yirukanwa mu mazu azira kutishyura ubukode, ndetse serivisi zitaga ubufasha zagiye zimufungira  imfashanyo kubera amanyanga yakoze menshi atandukanye! Akana abonye ashobewe yize amayeri mashya yo gusabiriza amafaranga akagenda yitwaje abana, inzara cyangwa amashuri.

Kujya mu Rwanda

Akana amaze gushoberwa yigiriye inama yo kujya gushakishiriza i Kigali. Yibwiraga ko niyamamaza Kagame azamufasha kugaruza imwe mu mitungo Nsekalije yasigiye abana b’umugore we mukuru, ndetse byanashoboka agahabwa n’imutungo yasigiwe umugore muto. Umugore mukuru we yari yaritabye Imana. Ibi Akana kandi yashakaga kubikora aciye inyuma abandi bavukana baba hanze.

Gusa rero ngo “aho umutindi yanitse ntiriva”. Imibare ye yaje kumupfana kubera  kwerekwa igihandure na muramukazi we ( Umugore wa Mitsindo). Uyu mugore ni we ucunga ibintu kubera ko Mitsindo afite uburwayi bwo mu mutwe budasobanutse ( ab’iwabo bavuga ko ari abazimu b’abantu yishe bamutera). Ikindi, ni uko umugore wa Nsekalije muto afite abamushyigikiye benshi mu cyama ku buryo gushyigikira Kagame muri campagne ntacyo byashoboraga guhindura. Hakiyongeraho ko akundwa cyane na bene wabo wa Nsekalije baba mu Murenge wa Rambura ngo kuko ari umugore urangwa no gushyira mu gaciro no gushishoza.

téléchargement (4)

Akana alice yiyegereje aba jenerali

Akana alice abonye atega zivamo, yivuye inyuma si uguhuragura ibigambo, abanyakigali batamuzi bakagira ngo barobye isamaki , bya he byo kajya!
Paul Kagame yarabyitegereje, yumva ibigambo byuzuye ubujiji Akana yahuraguye yibwira ngo arabona amanota, biramurakaza cyane:

Kugaruka i Burayi

Ibyo byose byanze, Akana yahisemo gushaka agahungu k’aka jeune yabeshyeshya kujya i Burayi kugira ngo kamurongore na byo ntibyakunda kubera ko uburara bwe buzwi ku isi hose. Ikindi kandi haza no gutahurwa ko kuzamuzana (Réunification familiale) nta kazi yigeze bidashoboka.
I Kigali abantu bazi Akana Alice bari basigaye bamubona bakamwihisha kubera ibihe bikomeye by’inzara n’ubushomeri yari amaze kugeramo, bigera n’aho abura uwamucumbikira. Ng’uko uko yazinze amabinga agaruka mu Bubiligi atumva atabona.

Ubu abavandimwe be baba hanze bamucitseho kubera buriya bujura yashatse kubakorera mu Rwanda.
Magingo aya Akana Alice abarizwa mu mujyi wa Charleroi. Biravugwa ko noneho ubu ari mu gukora amahugurwa mu bijyanye no kwita ku bageze mu zabukuru. Aho aviriye mu Rwanda ubu nta munyarwanda ukimwegera, aho anyuze hose baramuhunga kuko bakeka ko yabaha uburozi buzwi nk'”utuzi twa Munyuza”.

Ng’uko uko Akana alice yashaririwe n’ubuzima, agashaka kwisunga FPR ariko bikaba bya bindi byo gukama ikimasa.

Tubanambazi Ezéchiel

Buruseli

Avis aux lecteurs: Nos articles peuvent être reproduits à condition de citer le nom d’auteur et le site web source.                                                                                                           Notice to readers: Our articles may be reproduced provided the author’s name and the source website are cited.

 

Rwanda/COVID-19 : Bad governance kills more than the pandemic !

Leave a reply

Other countries have devised strategies to fight COVID-19. These include:

1. A Task Force to manage the response
2. A framework to coordinate funds /aids received  as well as voluntary contributions from local and or non-local benefactors.
3. A reporting system to ensure transparency of the process.

Here is what  Rwanda did:
1. No Task Force knwon. In fact, nobody knows who is in charge.
2. No independent body to manage funds and aids. The Government takes all monies, and nobody knows how much is received,  how it is managed, where the monies are sent , and who to be held accountable.
3. Since there is nobody  in charge, no reporting is made on regular basis, even the communiqués from Ministry of health are not signed, thus the people do not know who to hold accountable.

This is how far Rwanda is down. Where have all intellectuals, economists, scientists, doctors gone? Since when mediocrity is preferred over logic, common sense and knowledge?

Who knows whether these monies are not sent to fiscal paradises abroad?
The country cannot move forward in this state.

One last but not least point: do you know that Rwandans would chose COVID-19 over bad gouvernance? Why?
Because, with good governance, the preparedness is possible, well informed decisions are available, and efficient response is possible. Because of bad governance, the number of famine victims beats the number of the pandemic victims.

Ladies and gentlemen, I am ashamed to introduce to you the Banana Republic of Kagame .

Admin